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Curriculum development for Cloud for Researchers, A Primer

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a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 144522e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS Console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 15 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* How do I navigate the web console?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Log in to the AWS web console\n", - "* Navigate the AWS web console\n", - "* Recognize important information about your cloud environment\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "acf07f2b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Setup\n", - "\n", - "The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Be Aware\n", - ":class: danger\n", - "If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "### Logging in to the console\n", - "Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! \n", - "\n", - "You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! \n", - "\n", - "Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "930220c5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Key concepts and components of the AWS console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "22bf4b20", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "**1. Services**\n", - ": If you click on the dropdown menu labeled \"Services\" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!\n", - "\n", - "**2. Search bar**\n", - ": You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a \"virtual server\", you can try using the search bar to search for \"EC2\" which stands for \"Elastic Cloud Compute\" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.\n", - "\n", - "**3. IAM Username and Account**\n", - ": The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account \"4414-3982-1395\". In the creation of the IAM user \"student1\", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.\n", - "\n", - "**4. Region**\n", - ": AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is \"Ohio\". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use \"Ohio\" as the region. \n", - "\n", - "**5. Quick links** \n", - ": As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b2240a49", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What is your IAM username? \n", - "* Why is IAM important?\n", - "* What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console?\n", - "````" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "b8fab5e4", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index e49623e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```.\n", - "\n", - "## Step 3: Configure Instance Details\n", - "Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

\n", - "\n", - "**Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "**Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9c874bad", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What kind of information is contained in an AMI? \n", - "* How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs?\n", - "````" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index a85f0bd..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 049e850..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS CLI\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index f3f90ef..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index a6ca11e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index c8b0712..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d1604da..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 60aefce..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1b6fcbc0", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Is the Cloud Right for Me?\n", - "\n", - "Now that you have an idea of what cloud computing is, the question that is most pertinent to researchers is whether or not you ***should*** move your work to the cloud. The following chart outlines some fundamental questions to ask in your assessment: \n", - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!\n", - "\n", - "```{note}\n", - "Scalable computing is the ability to obtain more computers(horizontal scaling) and/or to obtain more powerful computers(vertical scaling)\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "Other factors that will play in your decision to move to the cloud include knowing where common large datasets are hosted. The core idea in working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers should no longer bring their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but should instead bring their compute to the data! If you think about it, why spend hours on end to download data and find a place to store it when you can work directly with the data?\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "If your collaborators are already working in the cloud i.e. hosting data on the cloud or building cloud-based workflows, it would also make sense for you to bring your work to the cloud. Go here for more on Open Science and Collaboration.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "## Why *not* to migrate to the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "If you have already identified an adequate-to-your-needs computing environment like XSEDE or you already have the access to the resources you need, it just doesn't make sense to migrate to the cloud!\n", - "\n", - "Using the public cloud requires a learning curve. Sometimes you may just simply not have the time or resources to do this important step. The CLASS program can help you overcome some of these hurdles, but you may prefer to spend your time learning other things or exploring other avenues and it just doesn't seem worth it to invest your time in learning about the cloud. \n", - "\n", - "If you operate your computer(s) at a very high duty cycle i.e. you computer is constantly computing something and you have massive datasets that you work with frequently that is stored on-premise, the cloud may not be a very cost-effective option. \n", - "\n", - "Finally, if there is too much of an administrative drag preventing you from using the cloud (e.g. regulations and compliance such as HIPAA or FERPA), you may want to reconsider staying with your local infrastructure. \n", - "\n", - "In the next chapter, we will discuss the million dollar question: \"But which cloud provider should I choose?!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "1ddad00f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index f6480ee..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Amazon Web Services (AWS)\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the AWS Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the AWS CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 144522e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS Console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 15 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* How do I navigate the web console?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Log in to the AWS web console\n", - "* Navigate the AWS web console\n", - "* Recognize important information about your cloud environment\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "acf07f2b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Setup\n", - "\n", - "The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Be Aware\n", - ":class: danger\n", - "If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "### Logging in to the console\n", - "Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! \n", - "\n", - "You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! \n", - "\n", - "Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "930220c5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Key concepts and components of the AWS console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "22bf4b20", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "**1. Services**\n", - ": If you click on the dropdown menu labeled \"Services\" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!\n", - "\n", - "**2. Search bar**\n", - ": You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a \"virtual server\", you can try using the search bar to search for \"EC2\" which stands for \"Elastic Cloud Compute\" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.\n", - "\n", - "**3. IAM Username and Account**\n", - ": The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account \"4414-3982-1395\". In the creation of the IAM user \"student1\", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.\n", - "\n", - "**4. Region**\n", - ": AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is \"Ohio\". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use \"Ohio\" as the region. \n", - "\n", - "**5. Quick links** \n", - ": As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b2240a49", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What is your IAM username? \n", - "* Why is IAM important?\n", - "* What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console?\n", - "````" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "b8fab5e4", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index e49623e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```.\n", - "\n", - "## Step 3: Configure Instance Details\n", - "Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

\n", - "\n", - "**Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "**Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9c874bad", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What kind of information is contained in an AMI? \n", - "* How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs?\n", - "````" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index a85f0bd..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 049e850..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS CLI\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index f3f90ef..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index a6ca11e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index c8b0712..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d1604da..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 45acd85..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Microsoft Azure\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the Azure Cloud Portal](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute (Azure Virtual Machines)](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the Azure CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage (Blob Storage)](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d4f0c47..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1c75f70d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Learn the Bash Shell" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 43bdad1..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,191 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "24b51f8d-dcc2-4d19-8bd9-88a71fa8abfe", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I find things in the web console?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives\n", - " * Login to the Google Cloud web console\n", - " * Find and verify important information about your cloud environment.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3316c7f9-b0c8-4565-bdc6-7582c4f16127", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### The Who, What, and Where of the Cloud\n", - "\n", - "Before we get started we must first define, and find, a few key pieces of information about your environment that will be used throughout this lesson. This information is also important to ensure that this information is what you expect, otherwise you may use the wrong account or run or store things in the wrong place. It is important to be clear about these terms as they are often different in other cloud providers. We provide a [glossary of GCP terms](./glossary.ipynb) for your reference." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "afaf408a-8639-4f8d-9108-eddcc6b13b6f", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Accounts (Authentication and Identity)\n", - "\n", - "The (Google) **Account** is the identity used to access the Google Cloud Platform web console and is in the form of an email address and is associated with an individual (the *who* is *you*!). This is typically the account you use to access Google services associated with your institution and not your personal account. This is the \"Who\" of the cloud. We will now login to the Google Cloud Platform web console and verify our account.\n", - "\n", - " * Login to the web console with your (Google) Account by going to [https://console.cloud.google.com/](https://console.cloud.google.com/)\n", - " * Login with your credentials if you have not done so already.\n", - " * Find your user/account under the \"Avatar\" in the top right (see below).\n", - " ![avatar-account](img/avatar-account.png) and click on it if it is not the top one.\n", - " * If you do not see your account click on \"Add Account\" and repeat the previous step.\n", - "\n", - "The account list found under the avatar shows all the accounts that are logged in and the top one is the current active or selected account." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "11f0cbb4-f68f-4525-a30b-02a3a4d251a1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "#### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:\n", - " * What account are you currently using in the Google Cloud web console?\n", - " * Are you logged into any other accounts?\n", - " * How do you know which account is being used?\n", - " \n", - " If you are not currently using the correct account, switch to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "5cfe3d13-c050-49ee-873b-be823fda5b10", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Projects\n", - "\n", - "Almost everything you will do within Google Cloud Platform must be associated with a **Project**. This is the \"Where\" of the cloud. You must have at least one Project and you can manage multiple Projects within a single (Google) Account. Always make sure you are working in the correct project!\n", - "\n", - "To find more information and change project settings\n", - " * Click on the \"Settings and Utilities button (kabob on the top right - see below) and then click on \"Project Settings\"\n", - " ![kabob-project](img/kabob-project.png)\n", - " * The Project Name is the human friendly description and can be changed.\n", - " * The Project ID is set on project creation and cannot be changed. The Project ID is almost always used when specifying a project.\n", - " * The Project Number is used internally by Google Services and is usually used indirectly. It is a good idea to be able to recognize this number.\n", - " \n", - "For a Project to do anything useful it must also have an enabled Billing Account associated with it. An enabled Billing Account is a prerequisite for this lesson.\n", - "\n", - "A Project, just like the word, should be associated with a real world project (for example a research effort or grant, lab, or your Ph.D. Project. etc). For Drew, this will be the Acceleration Lab project. In this way it is easier to track and allocate costs and to manage permissions and access for resources within the project.\n", - "\n", - "The active project is also shown next to the project icon (three hexagons) and clicking it brings up the project selection dialog. The current project has a check mark and and the active project can be changed by clicking on the project name or double clicking the row.\n", - " ![select-project](img/select-project.png) \n", - "\n", - "#### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:\n", - " * What is the *name* of the Project you are currently using in the Google Cloud Platform web console?\n", - " * What is the *Project ID* of that project?\n", - " * What is the *Project Number* of that project?\n", - " * Do you have multiple projects?\n", - " * How do you know which project you are currently using?\n", - "\n", - "If you are currently not using the correct project for this lesson, switch to the correct one." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "294a3fa0-7a55-4547-af19-4ef542b8dae7", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Services\n", - "\n", - "The web console is used to control and observe the cloud from the browser. It should only be used for simple and one-time tasks, exploring new services, accessing documentation, or for monitoring and debugging resources in the cloud. Programmatic control through the console, programming languages (for example Python), and other automation tools should be used for day to day activities to make the most out of the cloud and to help with the reproducibility of research and teaching.\n", - "\n", - "The Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) is used to navigate to the various products, which are also sometimes called services.\n", - "\n", - "![hamburger-navigation](img/hamburger-navigation.png)\n", - "\n", - " * Click on a product to navigate the product page\n", - " * You can pin frequently used items on the top of this page by clicking on the pin icon. \n", - " * Click the hamburger again to hide the Left Sidebar.\n", - "\n", - "All the different products and services are the \"What\" of the cloud. We will start with Cloud Storage in the next Episode. \n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "e955eb3a-4fdc-448b-aef8-ed1dbe2a73d9", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Everything Else\n", - "\n", - "If you did not already notice, every page on the GCP web console has a blue navigation bar at the top of the page. This can be used to quickly navigate to the page you need.\n", - "\n", - "![blue-bar](img/blue-bar.png)\n", - "\n", - "From left to right of the blue top navigation bar we have the following items (hover over the item with your mouse to see the name):\n", - " 1. Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) allows you to go to each project and services page (shown below).\n", - " 2. Dashboard (\"Google Cloud Platform\") provides an overview of your project.\n", - " * Click it and note resources, billing, and platform Status\n", - " * This page is customizable and may look different.\n", - " 3. Project selection button showing the current project name with a drop-down arrow.\n", - " 4. Search bar - type in service or keywords\n", - " * Type in \"Cloud Storage\" and note results. Click to navigate to the Cloud Storage page.\n", - " 5. Activate Cloud Shell (terminal icon) - start the Cloud Shell\n", - " * Click it and note the shell that appears on the bottom of the page.\n", - " 6. Help (shown as a question) - quick link to documentation\n", - " 7. Notifications (shown as a bell) - a dot indicates unread notifications\n", - " 8. Settings and Utilities (often called the kabobb) - shortcut to project settings\n", - " 9. Google Account (avatar at the far right) - verify and switch accounts." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "118254c6-a5d9-4bd0-8a0f-64d4f72b3cf0", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Before we move on, do the following:\n", - "* Double check that you are in the correct account and project that you will be using for this lesson.\n", - "* Take a moment to reflect on the \"Who, What, and Where\" of the cloud. Why is this important?\n" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 1a1a1ac..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,283 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "fb98ae89-8494-4fd7-aa97-44380424d68d", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to Cloud Compute (Google Compute Engine)\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I compute in the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives:\n", - " * Navigate the Google Compute Engine service and terminology.\n", - " * Allocate a virtual machine in Google Compute Engine.\n", - " * Choose a machine type based on the application.\n", - " * Understand how storage is managed for virtual machines.\n", - " * Use the cost estimator for Google Compute Engine.\n", - " * Understand what a service account is and how they are used.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9897048a-6aa8-4d85-a557-d85b802f3f1d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with compute, specifically a Virtual Machine, to process data in the cloud with a large and powerful machine to do the analysis. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "739746ba-1c95-4d1e-94c7-1e5330d17f52", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Google Compute Engine\n", - "\n", - "To learn more about the Google Compute Engine service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Virtual Machine. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts or configuration management systems should be used.\n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the terminology used for cloud computing differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Compute Engine uses the term **VM instance** to refer to a running virtual machine, **image** for the boot disk containing the operating system, and **disk** for the writable storage used for a running *VM Instance*.\n", - "\n", - "We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Compute Engine VM instance." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c5430b40-1a5f-40df-9e13-529ef3ece4ce", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Allocate a VM Instance\n", - "\n", - "We will first create an *VM instance* with defaults to explore the Google Compute Engine service.\n", - "\n", - "To create a bucket we do the following:\n", - " * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **VM Instances** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create an instance* page.\n", - " * In the **New VM instance** tab on the left (selected by default) configure the *VM instance* as follows:\n", - " * For **Name**, enter a unique name for the instances (example: \"essentials-instance-1\")\n", - " * For **Region** leave the default or select your \"home\" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your \"home\" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.\n", - " * For **Zone** leave the default (note how the name is constructed and that it is a separate data center).\n", - " * In the **Machine configuration** section:\n", - " * For **Series** select *E2* (default). The other options are for types of machines.\n", - " * For **Machine type** select *e2-medium* (default)\n", - " * Leave the remaining options as default.\n", - " * In the **Identity and API access** section note that for the **Service Accounts** -> **Service account** option that the **Compute Engine default service account** is selected. This allows the *VM Instance* to ***access and edit any resources in the project***.\n", - " * Note the **Monthly estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for running the *VM instance* and does not include other storage, networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by running software. Click **Details** show a breakdown of the *VM instance* only costs.\n", - " * Finally, click **Create** to create the *VM Instance* (allocate the resource).\n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "41c63432-a614-4a1e-9967-f49b68f9069e", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Security\n", - "\n", - "Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Ordinary we would configure and check security first but in the case of exploring services it is often easier to do things out of order. We noted that the *VM instance* was created with the *Compute Engine default service account*, which by *default* has access to all the resources that your Google Account does.\n", - "\n", - "Specifically, we are interested in verifying what permissions that the *Compute Engine default service account* has for your *VM instances* . To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu** -> **IAM & Admin** -> **IAM** -> **Permissions** -> View By: **Principals**)\n", - "\n", - "*Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.*\n", - "\n", - "In the **Name** column you should see a row with **Compute Engine default service account**. Here you should see the **Editor** role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Editor** role for a project will *allow* a **VM instance** to modify resources *in* the **project**. The principal for the *Compute Engine default service account* should start with the *Project ID* of your project. It is possible to create a custom service account with the appropriate roles for the *VM Instance*.\n", - "\n", - "There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "da301540-9b02-4b27-ae8e-f301b3dd36f2", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Follow the Storage Allocation\n", - "\n", - "Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the *VM instance* creation by examining at the project *activity*.\n", - "\n", - "To view the project activity we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on \"Google Cloud Platform\" on the left side of the top blue bar.\n", - " * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar.\n", - " * Look for the row with **Create VM** on the top of the table. This shows that the *VM Instance* was created.\n", - " * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist.\n", - "\n", - "Note that the activity is on the project, not the account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3d376f83-966a-4c7d-9ecf-4973e7f00ff7", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Enumerate the VM Instances\n", - "\n", - "To see an overview of resources in the project navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 instance** in the *resources* card under *Compute Engine*.\n", - "\n", - "Now lets find and connect to the *VM Instance*.\n", - " * Navigate to the Google Compute Engine page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **Instances**.\n", - " * **Find** the *VM instance* you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them.\n", - " * Click on the *VM instance* name to open the **VM instance details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the *VM instance* name)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "7f4bc715-f7b5-4ab8-b13a-720dae419326", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Connect to the VM Instance\n", - "\n", - "To connect to the *VM Instance* we will use the cloud shell in the web console. Open up a shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the top blue bar if it is not already open.\n", - "\n", - "We first verify that the cloud shell is using the correct identity and *project id* by looking at the welcome message and the prompt.\n", - "\n", - "![cloud-shell](img/cloud-shell.png)\n", - "\n", - "To connect to the *VM instance* we enter the following command in the cloud shell:\n", - "```\n", - "gcloud compute ssh essentials-instance-1\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "If you have not used the cloud shell to connect to a *VM Instance* before you will probably be asked to create a new *ssh key*. The Compute Engine will use this key to allow you to access the *VM instance* in a secure manner. If this is the case you will see a message similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "WARNING: The private SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.\n", - "WARNING: The public SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.\n", - "WARNING: You do not have an SSH key for gcloud.\n", - "WARNING: SSH keygen will be executed to generate a key.\n", - "This tool needs to create the directory [/home/student231/.ssh] before\n", - " being able to generate SSH keys.\n", - "\n", - "Do you want to continue (Y/n)?\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Press enter to continue to create the key. You will see another message asking you for a passphrase, similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "Generating public/private rsa key pair.\n", - "Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):\n", - "```\n", - "Here you should enter a passphrase (a series of words) to protect the key. You will be asked to re-enter the passphrase as shown below:\n", - "```\n", - "Enter same passphrase again:\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "After successfully retyping the passphrase the key generation process will continue showing similar message as follows (the fingerprint and art will look different):\n", - "```\n", - "Your identification has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.\n", - "Your public key has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.pub.\n", - "The key fingerprint is:\n", - "SHA256:D9yj1nZEUigahirvjkIFoCP7RfjDu67Ku88M7nHQftI student231@cs-748001990186-default-boost-r9phq\n", - "The key's randomart image is:\n", - "+---[RSA 2048]----+\n", - "|o . .. |\n", - "|.. .. o . .. |\n", - "|+ o... o .. . |\n", - "|ooo= .. . o |\n", - "|.+..= S o . |\n", - "| o+..o = o |\n", - "|.+.+.E o + . |\n", - "|+.B o. . . . |\n", - "|=O**o |\n", - "+----[SHA256]-----+\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "The ssh key generation is now complete. This will only happen once for your account and you will start here on future connections.\n", - "\n", - "At this point the command will attempt to connect to the *VM Instance* and will ask the following question:\n", - "```\n", - "Did you mean zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1] (Y/n)? n\n", - "```\n", - "Answer \"n\".\n", - "\n", - "The command will now configure the instance to allow your ssh key and connect to it.\n", - "\n", - "```\n", - "No zone specified. Using zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1].\n", - "Updating project ssh metadata...working..Updated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/class-essentials-gcp-demo-1].\n", - "Updating project ssh metadata...done.\n", - "Waiting for SSH key to propagate.\n", - "Warning: Permanently added 'compute.74517428106645607' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Once connected you will see the machine login banner and prompt similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "Linux instance-1 4.19.0-17-cloud-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2021-07-18) x86_64\n", - "\n", - "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n", - "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n", - "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n", - "\n", - "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n", - "permitted by applicable law.\n", - "student231@essentials-instance-1:~$\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Congratulations you have now created a *VM Instance* and connected to it.\n", - "\n", - "Feel free to interact with the machine for a while and type\n", - "```\n", - "exit\n", - "```\n", - "when you are done.\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "0362e76c-3f03-4299-8217-24a2f39ee503", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Delete the Storage - Exercise \n", - "\n", - "We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the *VM Instance* we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. \n", - "\n", - "Did you \"Follow\" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page?\n", - "\n", - "Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "85c697a1-25bc-4b57-9ab6-7c38b6dbbc89", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### References\n", - " * Compute Engine Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/iam" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d8c3b55..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,661 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "5439e525-b985-495f-85a6-e4c8d7452956", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to the gcloud CLI\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I use the Cloud CLI?\n", - " * How do I use `gcloud`?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives\n", - " * Find and use the \"Cloud Shell\" in the web console.\n", - " * Use basic cloud CLI commands (`gcloud` and `gsutil`).\n", - " * Verify basic settings.\n", - " * Use environment variables for configuration.\n", - " * Understand the importance of using variables for configuration.\n", - " * Recognize the value of reproducibility and automation.\n", - " \n", - "Resources\n", - " * `gcloud` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud\n", - " * `gsutil` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil\n", - " * Instructions to install `gcloud` and `gsutil` on your local machine: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c4e1a4c5-7d28-483d-b27c-ef2afa4fb7e5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Cloud Automation\n", - "\n", - "Now that Drew can create a bucket in the web console they wish to learn how to use tools to automate the process. Drew noticed that the web console could be used to upload and share objects but wishes to learn the command line so that they can automate the and document the process (it is much easier to document commands then describing and showing mouse clicks).\n", - "\n", - "The cloud can be controlled using a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a programming language such as Python. Collectively these tools interact with the cloud over a Application Programming Interface (API) and this capability forms the basis of the cloud, the ability to control infrastructure programmatically.\n", - "\n", - "Just as with navigating the web console it is important to know the **who**, **what**, and **where** of CLI access to reduce the possibility of access mistakes. We will first verify the tools are installed and configured correctly. Next we get the Account being used (who) and the Project ID of the active project (where) using the `gcloud` command. We will then use the `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands to list some public Buckets (what).\n", - "\n", - "The `gcloud` command is used to control most aspects of GCP and the `gsutil` command is used to control Google Cloud Storage Buckets. To access the manual pages for a command just add `--help` to the end of the command or run `gcloud help` for more information.\n", - "\n", - "When running CLI commands you may get a dialog box to authorize the command. You should \"Authorize\" the request to allow the Cloud Shell to access the Project using your (Google) Account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ce598878-1b1c-4e6b-9122-e679e84c7dbb", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Open a Cloud Shell\n", - "\n", - "The Cloud Shell is an easy way to access Comand Line Interface (CLI) commands in a web browser. Under the hood Cloud Shell is Debian running in a container with 5GB of no-charge persistent storage with most of the Google uti and a lot of other useful tools (git, docker, jq, Docker, etc.) installed by default.\n", - "\n", - "To use the Cloud Shell:\n", - " * Open up a Cloud Shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the right side of the top blue bar. If a \"Authorize Cloud Shell\" dialog appears click \"Authorize\" to allow the Cloud Shell to access the project.\n", - " * Click the **Maximize** icon on the right side of the Cloud Shell bar. You can find the correct icon by hovering over the icons to see their names.\n", - " * If a shell is associated with a project it will show it in the tab and in **yellow text** in round parenthesis in the shell prompt. **Verify the Project ID**.\n", - " * To open up a shell with a specific project click the \"down arrow\" icon next to the plus(+) to open a new tab with a specific project. Selecting the plus (+) will usually open up a shell with the default project.\n", - " * Note: You can open the Cloud Shell in a new tab by clicking on icon **Open in a New Window** on the far right of the Cloud Shell bar.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#### Opening Cloud Shell in a Tab - Optional\n", - "\n", - " * Click the **Open in a New Window** icon on the far left of the \"Cloud Shell\" tab on the bottom to open up in a separate tab. Hover the mouse over the icons to see their name/function. **Note:** you may need to allow popups or enable popups for this website depending on the browser you use. You can also pull up the tab to increase the shell screen size.\n", - " * Click the **\"Close editor\"** button (the pencil icon in the top right of the window).\n", - "\n", - "#### Advanced call-out\n", - "You can access the cloud shell from your laptop via `gcloud cloud-shell ssh` if you have the [Google Cloud SDK installed](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install). Installing the Google Cloud SDK will also allow you to run `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands directly from your laptop, workstation, or cluster. *Pro-tip, you cannot use a service account to access the cloud shell.*" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "e4fa29a6-7d8e-4591-af3f-8539b94b3bef", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Verify the Configuration (Who, What, Where)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "f786f92c-7127-4f26-b0c0-fc27a364aca4", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "First, let's verify that the Account being used for access (who) is what we expect." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "id": "3ce9e6fb-9f5f-42e1-8512-35c0564f8e85", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n", - "student31@class.internet2.edu\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value account" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "68b97adf-7378-4e9c-b2b8-2075f043afab", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Next, show verify the active project (where)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "id": "cfb10587-e007-45ae-839f-7bcfe088c711", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n", - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c2972d7b-f393-42b5-8330-cf8292d28afb", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Now we will use `gcloud` to list a well known public bucket (what). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "id": "617325c9-d853-4291-a1db-938ab9439fee", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud alpha storage ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "42e6ad5b-186d-4cd1-ba03-e7c85ad40e38", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "*Advanced Callout: The `alpha` (and `beta`) command allows us to access commands that have not been released for production and care should be taken when using these in a production environment. At this time this is not the recommended way to access storage buckets, but it does help verify that everything is working correctly.*" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1389ca4f-7234-4ea3-9ad8-85914d88ede5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Finally, we will verify that the separate and preferred `gsutil` command is installed and working by listing the same well known public bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "id": "1a13a344-65df-40bc-997f-27d9084f69cf", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gsutil ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "598b5d12-9bea-49de-a772-4113727e0859", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Environment Variables\n", - "\n", - "When using the CLI you quickly notice that you have to enter many of the details, such as the Project ID, many times (Drew is also Dyslexic, which makes it even harder for them). Not only is this tedious, it also makes moving to another project or using another bucket difficult making reusability and collaboration painful. We will demonstrate the use environment variables to address this issue. Most cloud environments and tools rely heavily on this technique.\n", - "\n", - "*To make the point even clearer, we use environment variables in the Cloud Essentials notebooks instead of hard coding them, which makes it easy for anyone to run, use, and edit and thus collaborate and contribute to them!*\n", - "\n", - "We now demonstrate the basic use environment variables. As a reminder, environment variables are used to store configuration information that can be easily passed between programs and programming languages." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "id": "b8f74fe9-0943-4bd9-a91b-da09c001f8a1", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "TEST=1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "id": "b937f6c7-3697-4bc0-8e32-da0b0faec593", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo $TEST" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "78fe7013-a5ae-498f-aeab-ba1f3c710de1", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Although we do not always need to, we should always enclose shell variables in double quotes and enclose the variable name in curly braces (funny things may happen otherwise). In most cases it is easier to do this every time than try to figure out when it is possible to use the short form. We only use the short form (`$TEST`) when it is used frequently and known to always work, in our case it is `$PROJECT` and `$BUCKET`. When in doubt, use the explicit form.\n", - "\n", - "There are a number of environment variables already set that contain useful information, for example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "id": "bae0587c-0379-40e3-9c31-16ba5505487a", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "student31\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"${USER}\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "id": "52b4add5-0d18-4faf-a304-b7e0ee8ba82e", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "cs-730348008320-default-default-w724w\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"${HOSTNAME}\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ef895f38-ad16-4f2d-aa18-ec913732dd69", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We can also use the output of commands to set values." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "id": "776806e4-209f-45fa-b14e-f771f5d5089d", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:54 PM UTC\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "date" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "id": "560fde63-0eb8-4c52-9787-4debfe35ec23", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Date: Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:55 PM UTC\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"Date: $(date)\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "6323f7bf-b2fe-4c94-a87a-2d35e75a1a49", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "Now lets combine all this to set the `PROJECT` environment variable to the default project so we do not need to use the actual value in future commands." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "id": "18f40620-8537-42b5-948f-dd581e604a36", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n", - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "id": "a959f857-8a20-4356-bc30-dbf8c75be96d", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "PROJECT=\"$(gcloud config get-value project)\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "id": "c1d27e89-cc69-4979-82c4-79c3fb36bccb", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9d3a8504-a75c-4945-ab54-85f1d9a7e2b2", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note the \"Your active configuration is: ...\" line is a \"warning\" and not actually part of the output of the program." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c25e6431-4f92-454a-bd10-e77cb28deec6", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Now use the `PROJECT` envrionment variable to get more information about the active project." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "id": "31b01f78-94b1-44f0-a2af-d657058941b2", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "createTime: '2021-01-08T14:17:35.831Z'\n", - "lifecycleState: ACTIVE\n", - "name: CLASS Project\n", - "projectId: just-armor-301114\n", - "projectNumber: '1002111293252'\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud projects describe $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ed2ab9ce-6b0a-4939-88c7-8103e29413b7", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note the extraneous message about the active configuration produced by the `gcloud config get-value project` command. A slightly different way to access the data can be used to remove the extraneous message by using the following command:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "id": "845b2aaf-0032-4043-a40a-d2482693d23e", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "[accessibility]\n", - "screen_reader = True\n", - "[component_manager]\n", - "disable_update_check = True\n", - "[compute]\n", - "gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec = 30\n", - "[core]\n", - "account = student31@class.internet2.edu\n", - "disable_usage_reporting = True\n", - "project = just-armor-301114\n", - "[metrics]\n", - "environment = devshell\n", - "\n", - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "d919b26d-2f64-4a43-9c76-34f7798fe853", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We can now use the `--format='value()'` option to get specific values. The following command returns the project number without the extraneous message." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "id": "9714ebe2-2921-498b-9e0e-69ec6a85896a", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ba660d2b-5ddf-449b-8049-56a40f2e366b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note where the `core` part comes in the output of the `gcloud config list` command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "id": "7d803ddd-acca-4ad1-933a-4d6e6044def6", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "PROJECT=\"$(gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)')\"\n", - "echo $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "d40b2c7b-7331-412d-80e1-f1a77204075a", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We will use this form from now on. Since we know the Project ID only contains numbers, letters, and dashes with no spaces there is no need to use quotes." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "270e0abb-d5e9-476a-af91-060cc0ea0349", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Exercise\n", - " * What command shows the project number? (hint: we used it already)\n", - " * What is the name of this variable? (hint: it is case sensitive)\n", - " * What command shows *just* the Project Number (hint: use `--format`)\n", - " * Set the `PROJECT_NUMBER` environment variable with the correct value. (hint: be careful with punctuation (single and double quotes) and matching brackets and punctuation)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bda44ee1-337a-447d-8377-e8f7ae563316", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Advanced Call-Out: Formating Output.\n", - "\n", - "The following example shows how to output the configuration as `JSON`. The command `jq` can also be used to parse the JSON data." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "id": "678a1735-8cad-403c-b302-639de1fb0f4b", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"accessibility\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"screen_reader\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"component_manager\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"disable_update_check\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"compute\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"30\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"core\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"account\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"student31@class.internet2.edu\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"disable_usage_reporting\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"project\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"just-armor-301114\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"metrics\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"environment\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"devshell\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - "\u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format=json |jq" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "id": "b0dec5ed-dc7f-4003-b228-f6605119ce47", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format=json |jq -r .core.project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "8a22e397-9f21-4c7b-914c-88708592eeb1", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 20d2329..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,240 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "fb98ae89-8494-4fd7-aa97-44380424d68d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I store data in the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives:\n", - " * Navigate the Google Cloud Storage service and terminology\n", - " * Understand the roles and permissions needed to use Google Cloud Storage in projects\n", - " * Allocate storage in Google Cloud Storage\n", - " * Find the cost estimator for Google Cloud Storage\n", - " * Recognize that resources have a \"location\"\n", - " * Recognize danger of public access\n", - " * De-allocate Google Cloud Storage storage" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9897048a-6aa8-4d85-a557-d85b802f3f1d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with storage. Data is usually the center of a research project and it makes sense to start here.\n", - "\n", - "One of the most common and economic ways to store data in the cloud is to use object storage. In GCP object storage is called *Google Cloud Storage*, which is similar to the Simple Storage Service, also known as S3, on Amazon Web Services (AWS). For object storage, information is stored as a collection of key-value pairs." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "739746ba-1c95-4d1e-94c7-1e5330d17f52", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "To learn more about the Google Cloud Storage service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Bucket. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts and programming languages should be used.\n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the terminology used for object storage differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Cloud Storage uses the terms Bucket and Object. Data is stored in Objects and Objects are stored in Buckets. Objects (data) are stored as a key-value pair, which is similar to a Python dictionary but persistent. Values are stored and retrieved using a unique key and the value can contain any information (more on this later).\n", - "\n", - "We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Cloud Storage bucket." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4b1d2914-cac0-465e-b61a-11bbc243cc8c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Security\n", - "\n", - "Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Let's first verify that we have the permissions to create a bucket. A Bucket (a resource) is created within a project and inheres permissions from it.\n", - "\n", - "We are interested in what permissions that *your* account has for *your* project. To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu -> IAM & Admin -> IAM -> Permissions -> View By: Principals**). This shows the permissions for the project.\n", - "\n", - "*Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.*\n", - "\n", - "You should see a row with your account shown in the Principal column. Here you should see the \"Owner\" Role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Owner** or the **Storage Admin** role for a project will *allow* *you* to create, access, and delete Buckets *in* the project.\n", - "\n", - "There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c5430b40-1a5f-40df-9e13-529ef3ece4ce", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Allocate Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "Now that we have verified the permissions we can now create a bucket. Buckets are where objects are stored and have a globally unique name.\n", - "\n", - "To create a bucket we do the following:\n", - " * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create a bucket* page.\n", - " * In *Name your bucket*:\n", - " * For **Name**, enter a globally unique name for the bucket (example \"essentials-test-myname-2021-01-01\")\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose where to store your data*:\n", - " * For *Location Type* select **Region** (cheapest and fastest)\n", - " * For *Location* leave the default or select your \"home\" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your \"home\" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose a default storage class for your data*:\n", - " * Select **Standard** (default). The other options are for long-term storage.\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose how to control access to objects*:\n", - " * Under *Prevent Public Access* check \"**Enforce public access prevention on this bucket**\". This will try to prevent others from accessing your data. \n", - " * Under *Access Control* Select **Uniform** (default). *Uniform* permissions are on the entire Bucket. *Fine-grained* permissions are on the objects.\n", - " * Select **Continue**\n", - " * Note the **monthly cost estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for reading, writing, and storing data and does not include networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by using the data.\n", - " * *Storage size* is the total amount of data stored.\n", - " * *Data Retrieval* is only used for for long-term, non *standard*, storage.\n", - " * *Operations* is the number of \"operations\" performed on an object, for example reading and writing an object. Storing and accessing many objects require many operations.\n", - " * Finally, click **Create** to create the bucket (allocate the resource).\n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "da301540-9b02-4b27-ae8e-f301b3dd36f2", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Follow the Storage Allocation\n", - "\n", - "Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the bucket creation by examining at the project *activity*.\n", - "\n", - "To view the project activity we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on \"Google Cloud Platform\" on the left side of the top blue bar.\n", - " * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar.\n", - " * Look for the row with **Create Bucket** on the top of the table. This shows that the bucket was created.\n", - " * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist.\n", - "\n", - "Note that the activity is on the project, not the account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c37dbf70-db45-44b3-92b6-2c89d772ec24", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Enumerate the Buckets\n", - "\n", - "Now lets find and examine the bucket. To view a bucket we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the Google Storage page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser**. \n", - " * **Find** the bucket you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them.\n", - " * Click on the bucket name to open the **bucket details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the bucket name).\n", - "\n", - "Navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 bucket** in the *resources* card under storage." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "258044b3-550e-4a4f-a650-27cd0d6dd057", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Review what is Important\n", - "\n", - "It is always important to review what is important to you. It may be cost, or keeping the data secure. Later on we will show how to monitor overall costs.\n", - "\n", - "For Drew, we will review that the bucket **public access** is *not public* by doing the following:\n", - " * Go to **Navigation Menu -> Cloud Storage -> Browser**\n", - " * Select the bucket of interest by **checking the box** next to the Bucket name.\n", - " * In the Right Side Bar (open if necessary) in the **Permissions** tab in the **Public Access** card you should see **Not Public**. This means that public access prevention is turned on.\n", - " * You can also see the **permissions** for the bucket in the bottom of the bar." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "0362e76c-3f03-4299-8217-24a2f39ee503", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Delete the Storage - Exercise \n", - "\n", - "We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the bucket we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. \n", - "\n", - "Did you \"Follow\" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page?\n", - "\n", - "Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3a28e28d-1d70-44fa-a952-4f3506ea85ec", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Discussion\n", - "\n", - "* What does the words \"Secure\", \"Allocate\", \"Follow\", and \"Enumerate\" Spell?\n", - "* Why do you think we use this framework?" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "97d7ebc5-4a81-4f1a-aaf3-517adf70640a", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Resources in Google Cloud Platform - Optional\n", - "\n", - "Even though we only covered the Google Cloud Storage service in this episode, this process can be used for other *resources* allocated in the cloud. The term *resource* is used for the \"things\" that live in a Project, such as compute, storage, and networking and other services. Resources have the following characteristics:\n", - "\n", - " * Resources are like \"objects\" and usually have their own product/service page in the navigation menu. \n", - " * Resources have many properties (how it is configured), costs, permissions, and almost always belong to a Project.\n", - " * Resource creation permission is at the parent (Project).\n", - " * Resources live in a machine somewhere, and usually specify a location (Region and Zone).\n", - " * Resource creation has limits (Quota) that can be changed (up or down).\n", - " * Resources usually have multiple charges associated with it (even if they are `$0.00`).\n", - " * Resources have a beginning, middle, and an end. Don't forget the end. Have a plan!" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "85c697a1-25bc-4b57-9ab6-7c38b6dbbc89", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "### References\n", - " * API reference https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/reference/libraries\n", - " * Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/iam-permissions" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index a6ca11e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index c8b0712..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d1604da..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 32ded70..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Google Cloud Platform (GCP)\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the Cloud CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb b/_build/html/_sources/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5579a6e..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cloud Computing for Research\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 0 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is cloud computing for research?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the basics of what the cloud is.\n", - "* Understand the benefits of utilizing the cloud for research.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "993c138d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Background\n", - "\n", - "Cloud computing is an on-demand computing resource that is scalable and follows a pay-as-you-go model. Instead of a singular data center or super-computing center, large cloud providers have data centers spanning multiple locations. The largest cloud computing providers are [Microsoft (Azure)](https://azure.microsoft.com/), [Amazon (Amazon Web Services, AWS)](https://aws.amazon.com/) and [Google (Google Cloud Platform, GCP)](https://cloud.google.com/). Together, they are often referred to as “public” or “commercial” cloud providers.\n", - "\n", - "In contrast to buying your own desktop or laptop computer, a cluster of machines, or with buying external storage devices (such as a RAID, redundant array of independent disks), cloud computing allows you to provision computing and storage on machines that only available to you through an intermediated interface (such as a web-browser or through ssh). Simply put, cloud computing is a delivery of computing services over the Internet. \n", - "\n", - "## Benefits of the Cloud for Research\n", - "\n", - "Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!\n", - "\n", - "With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security.\n", - "\n", - "## A Change in Paradigm\n", - "Working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers are no longer bringing their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but are instead bring their compute to the data. Cloud computing constitutes a learning curve including knowing cloud vocabulary and understanding the best practices to accelerate your research workflow, optimize costs and ensure security of your cloud architecture.\n", - "\n", - "## Drew's Pipeline\n", - "Drew Anders is an ecologist who works on understanding how much [boreal Arctic lakes are greening](https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e2021219118) under current climate conditions. To assess this, Drew needs to process 158.6TB (150 scenes) of satellite imagery from a cloud-hosted storage bucket and extract [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index) values. Drew is currently using the departmental computing server to download and process the data using a Python script, `process_sat.py` and is uploading the processed data to an FTP server to share with collaborators. \n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the departmental server is running out of storage space and the processing units have insufficient memory to process the data. Drew has calculated that with the departmental server, the wall clock time to download, process and analyze the data would take 48 days. Drew has to publish a paper by the end of the month for a special issue of \"Ecology Outsphere Today\". Further, Drew needs to make processed data available to reviewers of the publication and to collaborators. \n", - "\n", - "After speaking with the deparmental IT administrator, Drew has decided to explore cloud computing as a means for scalability (increasing computational power), data storage, and to reduce the time to publication. Drew's PI has a approved a small amount of money to be spent on a prototype, with potential for turning a successful cloud-based workflow into a grant proposal. \n", - "\n", - "Over the next few lessons in the CLASS Essentials course, Drew will learn how to:\n", - "1. Utilize cloud compute to increase processing speed and memory and reduce wall clock time\n", - "2. Utilize cloud storage buckets to store and retrieve data\n", - "3. Run `process_sat.py` on cloud compute and retrieve data directly from cloud storage\n", - "4. Monitor costs and understand best practices for working on the cloud\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "f406b779", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/markdown.md b/_build/html/_sources/markdown.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5d5ae76..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_sources/markdown.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,125 +0,0 @@ -# Markdown Files - -Whether you write your book's content in Jupyter Notebooks (`.ipynb`) or -in regular markdown files (`.md`), you'll write in the same flavor of markdown -called **MyST Markdown**. - -## What is MyST? - -MyST stands for "Markedly Structured Text". It -is a slight variation on a flavor of markdown called "CommonMark" markdown, -with small syntax extensions to allow you to write **roles** and **directives** -in the Sphinx ecosystem. - -## What are roles and directives? - -Roles and directives are two of the most powerful tools in Jupyter Book. They -are kind of like functions, but written in a markup language. They both -serve a similar purpose, but **roles are written in one line**, whereas -**directives span many lines**. They both accept different kinds of inputs, -and what they do with those inputs depends on the specific role or directive -that is being called. - -### Using a directive - -At its simplest, you can insert a directive into your book's content like so: - -```` -```{mydirectivename} -My directive content -``` -```` - -This will only work if a directive with name `mydirectivename` already exists -(which it doesn't). There are many pre-defined directives associated with -Jupyter Book. For example, to insert a note box into your content, you can -use the following directive: - -```` -```{note} -Here is a note -``` -```` - -This results in: - -```{note} -Here is a note -``` - -In your built book. - -For more information on writing directives, see the -[MyST documentation](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/). - - -### Using a role - -Roles are very similar to directives, but they are less-complex and written -entirely on one line. You can insert a role into your book's content with -this pattern: - -``` -Some content {rolename}`and here is my role's content!` -``` - -Again, roles will only work if `rolename` is a valid role's name. For example, -the `doc` role can be used to refer to another page in your book. You can -refer directly to another page by its relative path. For example, the -role syntax `` {doc}`intro` `` will result in: {doc}`intro`. - -For more information on writing roles, see the -[MyST documentation](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/). - - -### Adding a citation - -You can also cite references that are stored in a `bibtex` file. For example, -the following syntax: `` {cite}`holdgraf_evidence_2014` `` will render like -this: {cite}`holdgraf_evidence_2014`. - -Moreover, you can insert a bibliography into your page with this syntax: -The `{bibliography}` directive must be used for all the `{cite}` roles to -render properly. -For example, if the references for your book are stored in `references.bib`, -then the bibliography is inserted with: - -```` -```{bibliography} -``` -```` - -Resulting in a rendered bibliography that looks like: - -```{bibliography} -``` - - -### Executing code in your markdown files - -If you'd like to include computational content inside these markdown files, -you can use MyST Markdown to define cells that will be executed when your -book is built. Jupyter Book uses *jupytext* to do this. - -First, add Jupytext metadata to the file. For example, to add Jupytext metadata -to this markdown page, run this command: - -``` -jupyter-book myst init markdown.md -``` - -Once a markdown file has Jupytext metadata in it, you can add the following -directive to run the code at build time: - -```` -```{code-cell} -print("Here is some code to execute") -``` -```` - -When your book is built, the contents of any `{code-cell}` blocks will be -executed with your default Jupyter kernel, and their outputs will be displayed -in-line with the rest of your content. - -For more information about executing computational content with Jupyter Book, -see [The MyST-NB documentation](https://myst-nb.readthedocs.io/). diff --git a/_build/html/_static/CLASS-logo.png b/_build/html/_static/CLASS-logo.png deleted file mode 100644 index 9d1becf..0000000 Binary files a/_build/html/_static/CLASS-logo.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/_build/html/_static/__init__.py b/_build/html/_static/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29..0000000 diff --git a/_build/html/_static/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-39.pyc b/_build/html/_static/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-39.pyc deleted file mode 100644 index 3b10ea4..0000000 Binary files a/_build/html/_static/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-39.pyc and /dev/null differ diff --git a/_build/html/_static/basic.css b/_build/html/_static/basic.css deleted file mode 100644 index 5d8ae08..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/basic.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,861 +0,0 @@ -/* - * basic.css - * ~~~~~~~~~ - * - * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. - * - * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. - * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. - * - */ - -/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.clearer { - clear: both; -} - -div.section::after { - display: block; - content: ''; - clear: left; -} - -/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.related { - width: 100%; - font-size: 90%; -} - -div.related h3 { - display: none; -} - -div.related ul { - margin: 0; - padding: 0 0 0 10px; - list-style: none; -} - -div.related li { - display: inline; -} - -div.related li.right { - float: right; - margin-right: 5px; -} - -/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { - padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; -} - -div.sphinxsidebar { - float: left; - width: 270px; - margin-left: -100%; - font-size: 90%; - word-wrap: break-word; - overflow-wrap : break-word; -} - -div.sphinxsidebar ul { - list-style: none; -} - -div.sphinxsidebar ul ul, -div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { - margin-left: 20px; - list-style: square; -} - -div.sphinxsidebar ul ul { - margin-top: 0; - margin-bottom: 0; -} - -div.sphinxsidebar form { - margin-top: 10px; 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- margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -table.contentstable p.biglink { - line-height: 150%; -} - -a.biglink { - font-size: 1.3em; -} - -span.linkdescr { - font-style: italic; - padding-top: 5px; - font-size: 90%; -} - -/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ - -table.indextable { - width: 100%; -} - -table.indextable td { - text-align: left; - vertical-align: top; -} - -table.indextable ul { - margin-top: 0; - margin-bottom: 0; - list-style-type: none; -} - -table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul { - padding-left: 0em; -} - -table.indextable tr.pcap { - height: 10px; -} - -table.indextable tr.cap { - margin-top: 10px; - background-color: #f2f2f2; -} - -img.toggler { - margin-right: 3px; - margin-top: 3px; - cursor: pointer; -} - -div.modindex-jumpbox { - border-top: 1px solid #ddd; - border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; - margin: 1em 0 1em 0; - padding: 0.4em; -} - -div.genindex-jumpbox { - border-top: 1px solid #ddd; - border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; - margin: 1em 0 1em 0; - padding: 0.4em; -} - -/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */ - -table.modindextable td { - padding: 2px; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.body { - min-width: 450px; - max-width: 800px; -} - -div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote { - -moz-hyphens: auto; - -ms-hyphens: auto; - -webkit-hyphens: auto; - hyphens: auto; -} - -a.headerlink { - visibility: hidden; -} - -a.brackets:before, -span.brackets > a:before{ - content: "["; -} - -a.brackets:after, -span.brackets > a:after { - content: "]"; -} - -h1:hover > a.headerlink, -h2:hover > a.headerlink, -h3:hover > a.headerlink, -h4:hover > a.headerlink, -h5:hover > a.headerlink, -h6:hover > a.headerlink, -dt:hover > a.headerlink, -caption:hover > a.headerlink, -p.caption:hover > a.headerlink, -div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink { - visibility: visible; -} - -div.body p.caption { - text-align: inherit; 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- border: 1px solid #ddb; - padding: 7px; - background-color: #ffe; - width: 40%; - float: right; - clear: right; - overflow-x: auto; -} - -p.sidebar-title { - font-weight: bold; -} - -div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote { - clear: left; -} - -/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.topic { - border: 1px solid #ccc; - padding: 7px; - margin: 10px 0 10px 0; -} - -p.topic-title { - font-size: 1.1em; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 10px; -} - -/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.admonition { - margin-top: 10px; - margin-bottom: 10px; - padding: 7px; -} - -div.admonition dt { - font-weight: bold; -} - -p.admonition-title { - margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; - font-weight: bold; -} - -div.body p.centered { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 25px; -} - -/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */ - -div.sidebar > :last-child, -aside.sidebar > :last-child, -div.topic > :last-child, -div.admonition > :last-child { - margin-bottom: 0; -} - -div.sidebar::after, -aside.sidebar::after, -div.topic::after, -div.admonition::after, -blockquote::after { - display: block; - content: ''; - clear: both; -} - -/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ - -table.docutils { - margin-top: 10px; - margin-bottom: 10px; - border: 0; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -table.align-center { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -table.align-default { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -table caption span.caption-number { - font-style: italic; -} - -table caption span.caption-text { -} - -table.docutils td, table.docutils th { - padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px; - border-top: 0; - border-left: 0; - border-right: 0; - border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; -} - -table.footnote td, table.footnote th { - border: 0 !important; -} - -th { - text-align: left; - padding-right: 5px; -} - -table.citation { - border-left: solid 1px gray; - margin-left: 1px; -} - -table.citation td { - border-bottom: none; -} - -th > :first-child, -td > :first-child { - margin-top: 0px; -} - -th > :last-child, -td > :last-child { - margin-bottom: 0px; -} - -/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */ - -div.figure, figure { - margin: 0.5em; - padding: 0.5em; -} - -div.figure p.caption, figcaption { - padding: 0.3em; -} - -div.figure p.caption span.caption-number, -figcaption span.caption-number { - font-style: italic; -} - -div.figure p.caption span.caption-text, -figcaption span.caption-text { -} - -/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ - -table.field-list td, table.field-list th { - border: 0 !important; -} - -.field-list ul { - margin: 0; - padding-left: 1em; -} - -.field-list p { - margin: 0; -} - -.field-name { - -moz-hyphens: manual; - -ms-hyphens: manual; - -webkit-hyphens: manual; - hyphens: manual; -} - -/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */ - -table.hlist { - margin: 1em 0; -} - -table.hlist td { - vertical-align: top; -} - - -/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ - -ol.arabic { - list-style: decimal; -} - -ol.loweralpha { - list-style: lower-alpha; -} - -ol.upperalpha { - list-style: upper-alpha; -} - -ol.lowerroman { - list-style: lower-roman; -} - -ol.upperroman { - list-style: upper-roman; -} - -:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child, -:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child { - margin-top: 0px; -} - -:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child, -:not(li) > ul > li:last-child > :last-child { - margin-bottom: 0px; -} - -ol.simple ol p, -ol.simple ul p, -ul.simple ol p, -ul.simple ul p { - margin-top: 0; -} - -ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p, -ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p { - margin-top: 0; -} - -ol.simple p, -ul.simple p { - margin-bottom: 0; -} - -dl.footnote > dt, -dl.citation > dt { - float: left; - margin-right: 0.5em; -} - -dl.footnote > dd, -dl.citation > dd { - margin-bottom: 0em; -} - -dl.footnote > dd:after, -dl.citation > dd:after { - content: ""; - clear: both; -} - -dl.field-list { - display: grid; - grid-template-columns: fit-content(30%) auto; -} - -dl.field-list > dt { - font-weight: bold; - word-break: break-word; - padding-left: 0.5em; - padding-right: 5px; -} - -dl.field-list > dt:after { - content: ":"; -} - -dl.field-list > dd { - padding-left: 0.5em; - margin-top: 0em; - margin-left: 0em; - margin-bottom: 0em; -} - -dl { - margin-bottom: 15px; -} - -dd > :first-child { - margin-top: 0px; -} - -dd ul, dd table { - margin-bottom: 10px; -} - -dd { - margin-top: 3px; - margin-bottom: 10px; - margin-left: 30px; -} - -dl > dd:last-child, -dl > dd:last-child > :last-child { - margin-bottom: 0; -} - -dt:target, span.highlighted { - background-color: #fbe54e; -} - -rect.highlighted { - fill: #fbe54e; -} - -dl.glossary dt { - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 1.1em; -} - -.optional { - font-size: 1.3em; -} - -.sig-paren { - font-size: larger; -} - -.versionmodified { - font-style: italic; -} - -.system-message { - background-color: #fda; - padding: 5px; - border: 3px solid red; -} - -.footnote:target { - background-color: #ffa; -} - -.line-block { - display: block; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; -} - -.line-block .line-block { - margin-top: 0; - margin-bottom: 0; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.guilabel, .menuselection { - font-family: sans-serif; -} - -.accelerator { - text-decoration: underline; -} - -.classifier { - font-style: oblique; -} - -.classifier:before { - font-style: normal; - margin: 0.5em; - content: ":"; -} - -abbr, acronym { - border-bottom: dotted 1px; - cursor: help; -} - -/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */ - -pre { - overflow: auto; - overflow-y: hidden; /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */ -} - -pre, div[class*="highlight-"] { - clear: both; -} - -span.pre { - -moz-hyphens: none; - -ms-hyphens: none; - -webkit-hyphens: none; - hyphens: none; -} - -div[class*="highlight-"] { - margin: 1em 0; -} - -td.linenos pre { - border: 0; - background-color: transparent; - color: #aaa; -} - -table.highlighttable { - display: block; -} - -table.highlighttable tbody { - display: block; -} - -table.highlighttable tr { - display: flex; -} - -table.highlighttable td { - margin: 0; - padding: 0; -} - -table.highlighttable td.linenos { - padding-right: 0.5em; -} - -table.highlighttable td.code { - flex: 1; - overflow: hidden; -} - -.highlight .hll { - display: block; -} - -div.highlight pre, -table.highlighttable pre { - margin: 0; -} - -div.code-block-caption + div { - margin-top: 0; -} - -div.code-block-caption { - margin-top: 1em; - padding: 2px 5px; - font-size: small; -} - -div.code-block-caption code { - background-color: transparent; -} - -table.highlighttable td.linenos, -span.linenos, -div.doctest > div.highlight span.gp { /* gp: Generic.Prompt */ - user-select: none; -} - -div.code-block-caption span.caption-number { - padding: 0.1em 0.3em; - font-style: italic; -} - -div.code-block-caption span.caption-text { -} - -div.literal-block-wrapper { - margin: 1em 0; -} - -code.descname { - background-color: transparent; - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 1.2em; -} - -code.descclassname { - background-color: transparent; -} - -code.xref, a code { - background-color: transparent; - font-weight: bold; -} - -h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code { - background-color: transparent; -} - -.viewcode-link { - float: right; -} - -.viewcode-back { - float: right; - font-family: sans-serif; -} - -div.viewcode-block:target { - margin: -1px -10px; - padding: 0 10px; -} - -/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */ - -img.math { - vertical-align: middle; -} - -div.body div.math p { - text-align: center; -} - -span.eqno { - float: right; -} - -span.eqno a.headerlink { - position: absolute; - z-index: 1; -} - -div.math:hover a.headerlink { - visibility: visible; -} - -/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */ - -@media print { - div.document, - div.documentwrapper, - div.bodywrapper { - margin: 0 !important; - width: 100%; - } - - div.sphinxsidebar, - div.related, - div.footer, - #top-link { - display: none; - } -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/_static/check-solid.svg b/_build/html/_static/check-solid.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 92fad4b..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/check-solid.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ - - - - diff --git a/_build/html/_static/clipboard.min.js b/_build/html/_static/clipboard.min.js deleted file mode 100644 index 54b3c46..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/clipboard.min.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -/*! - * clipboard.js v2.0.8 - * https://clipboardjs.com/ - * - * Licensed MIT © Zeno Rocha - */ -!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.ClipboardJS=e():t.ClipboardJS=e()}(this,function(){return n={686:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{default:function(){return o}});var e=n(279),i=n.n(e),e=n(370),u=n.n(e),e=n(817),c=n.n(e);function a(t){try{return document.execCommand(t)}catch(t){return}}var f=function(t){t=c()(t);return a("cut"),t};var l=function(t){var e,n,o,r=1 - - - - diff --git a/_build/html/_static/copybutton.css b/_build/html/_static/copybutton.css deleted file mode 100644 index 5d29149..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/copybutton.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ -/* Copy buttons */ -button.copybtn { - position: absolute; - display: flex; - top: .3em; - right: .5em; - width: 1.7em; - height: 1.7em; - opacity: 0; - transition: opacity 0.3s, border .3s, background-color .3s; - user-select: none; - padding: 0; - border: none; - outline: none; - border-radius: 0.4em; - border: #e1e1e1 1px solid; - background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); -} - -button.copybtn.success { - border-color: #22863a; -} - -button.copybtn img { - width: 100%; - padding: .2em; -} - -div.highlight { - position: relative; -} - -.highlight:hover button.copybtn { - opacity: 1; -} - -.highlight button.copybtn:hover { - background-color: rgb(235, 235, 235); -} - -.highlight button.copybtn:active { - background-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); -} - -/** - * A minimal CSS-only tooltip copied from: - * https://codepen.io/mildrenben/pen/rVBrpK - * - * To use, write HTML like the following: - * - *

Short

- */ - .o-tooltip--left { - position: relative; - } - - .o-tooltip--left:after { - opacity: 0; - visibility: hidden; - position: absolute; - content: attr(data-tooltip); - padding: .2em; - font-size: .8em; - left: -.2em; - background: grey; - color: white; - white-space: nowrap; - z-index: 2; - border-radius: 2px; - transform: translateX(-102%) translateY(0); - transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); -} - -.o-tooltip--left:hover:after { - display: block; - opacity: 1; - visibility: visible; - transform: translateX(-100%) translateY(0); - transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); - transition-delay: .5s; -} diff --git a/_build/html/_static/copybutton.js b/_build/html/_static/copybutton.js deleted file mode 100644 index 482bda0..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/copybutton.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,197 +0,0 @@ -// Localization support -const messages = { - 'en': { - 'copy': 'Copy', - 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copy to clipboard', - 'copy_success': 'Copied!', - 'copy_failure': 'Failed to copy', - }, - 'es' : { - 'copy': 'Copiar', - 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copiar al portapapeles', - 'copy_success': '¡Copiado!', - 'copy_failure': 'Error al copiar', - }, - 'de' : { - 'copy': 'Kopieren', - 'copy_to_clipboard': 'In die Zwischenablage kopieren', - 'copy_success': 'Kopiert!', - 'copy_failure': 'Fehler beim Kopieren', - }, - 'fr' : { - 'copy': 'Copier', - 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copié dans le presse-papier', - 'copy_success': 'Copié !', - 'copy_failure': 'Échec de la copie', - }, - 'ru': { - 'copy': 'Скопировать', - 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Скопировать в буфер', - 'copy_success': 'Скопировано!', - 'copy_failure': 'Не удалось скопировать', - }, - 'zh-CN': { - 'copy': '复制', - 'copy_to_clipboard': '复制到剪贴板', - 'copy_success': '复制成功!', - 'copy_failure': '复制失败', - } -} - -let locale = 'en' -if( document.documentElement.lang !== undefined - && messages[document.documentElement.lang] !== undefined ) { - locale = document.documentElement.lang -} - -let doc_url_root = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT; -if (doc_url_root == '#') { - doc_url_root = ''; -} - -const path_static = `${doc_url_root}_static/`; - -/** - * Set up copy/paste for code blocks - */ - -const runWhenDOMLoaded = cb => { - if (document.readyState != 'loading') { - cb() - } else if (document.addEventListener) { - document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', cb) - } else { - document.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', function() { - if (document.readyState == 'complete') cb() - }) - } -} - -const codeCellId = index => `codecell${index}` - -// Clears selected text since ClipboardJS will select the text when copying -const clearSelection = () => { - if (window.getSelection) { - window.getSelection().removeAllRanges() - } else if (document.selection) { - document.selection.empty() - } -} - -// Changes tooltip text for two seconds, then changes it back -const temporarilyChangeTooltip = (el, oldText, newText) => { - el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', newText) - el.classList.add('success') - setTimeout(() => el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', oldText), 2000) - setTimeout(() => el.classList.remove('success'), 2000) -} - -// Changes the copy button icon for two seconds, then changes it back -const temporarilyChangeIcon = (el) => { - img = el.querySelector("img"); - img.setAttribute('src', `${path_static}check-solid.svg`) - setTimeout(() => img.setAttribute('src', `${path_static}copy-button.svg`), 2000) -} - -const addCopyButtonToCodeCells = () => { - // If ClipboardJS hasn't loaded, wait a bit and try again. This - // happens because we load ClipboardJS asynchronously. - if (window.ClipboardJS === undefined) { - setTimeout(addCopyButtonToCodeCells, 250) - return - } - - // Add copybuttons to all of our code cells - const codeCells = document.querySelectorAll('div.highlight pre') - codeCells.forEach((codeCell, index) => { - const id = codeCellId(index) - codeCell.setAttribute('id', id) - - const clipboardButton = id => - `` - codeCell.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend', clipboardButton(id)) - }) - -function escapeRegExp(string) { - return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string -} - -// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked -// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output -function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { - - var regexp; - var match; - - // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? - var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar - var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim - - // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line - if (isRegexp) { - regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') - } else { - regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') - } - - const outputLines = []; - var promptFound = false; - var gotLineCont = false; - var gotHereDoc = false; - const lineGotPrompt = []; - for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { - match = line.match(regexp) - if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { - promptFound = regexp.test(line) - lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) - if (removePrompts && promptFound) { - outputLines.push(match[2]) - } else { - outputLines.push(line) - } - gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont - if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) - gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc - } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { - outputLines.push(line) - } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { - outputLines.push(line) - } - } - - // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines - if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { - textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); - } - - // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting - if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { - textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) - } - return textContent -} - - -var copyTargetText = (trigger) => { - var target = document.querySelector(trigger.attributes['data-clipboard-target'].value); - return formatCopyText(target.innerText, '', false, true, true, true, '', '') -} - - // Initialize with a callback so we can modify the text before copy - const clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.copybtn', {text: copyTargetText}) - - // Update UI with error/success messages - clipboard.on('success', event => { - clearSelection() - temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_success']) - temporarilyChangeIcon(event.trigger) - }) - - clipboard.on('error', event => { - temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_failure']) - }) -} - -runWhenDOMLoaded(addCopyButtonToCodeCells) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/_static/copybutton_funcs.js b/_build/html/_static/copybutton_funcs.js deleted file mode 100644 index b9168c5..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/copybutton_funcs.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -function escapeRegExp(string) { - return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string -} - -// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked -// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output -export function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { - - var regexp; - var match; - - // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? - var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar - var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim - - // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line - if (isRegexp) { - regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') - } else { - regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') - } - - const outputLines = []; - var promptFound = false; - var gotLineCont = false; - var gotHereDoc = false; - const lineGotPrompt = []; - for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { - match = line.match(regexp) - if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { - promptFound = regexp.test(line) - lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) - if (removePrompts && promptFound) { - outputLines.push(match[2]) - } else { - outputLines.push(line) - } - gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont - if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) - gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc - } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { - outputLines.push(line) - } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { - outputLines.push(line) - } - } - - // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines - if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { - textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); - } - - // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting - if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { - textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) - } - return textContent -} diff --git a/_build/html/_static/css/index.c5995385ac14fb8791e8eb36b4908be2.css b/_build/html/_static/css/index.c5995385ac14fb8791e8eb36b4908be2.css deleted file mode 100644 index 655656d..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/css/index.c5995385ac14fb8791e8eb36b4908be2.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -/*! - * Bootstrap v4.5.0 (https://getbootstrap.com/) - * Copyright 2011-2020 The Bootstrap Authors - * Copyright 2011-2020 Twitter, Inc. - * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE) - */:root{--blue:#007bff;--indigo:#6610f2;--purple:#6f42c1;--pink:#e83e8c;--red:#dc3545;--orange:#fd7e14;--yellow:#ffc107;--green:#28a745;--teal:#20c997;--cyan:#17a2b8;--white:#fff;--gray:#6c757d;--gray-dark:#343a40;--primary:#007bff;--secondary:#6c757d;--success:#28a745;--info:#17a2b8;--warning:#ffc107;--danger:#dc3545;--light:#f8f9fa;--dark:#343a40;--breakpoint-xs:0;--breakpoint-sm:540px;--breakpoint-md:720px;--breakpoint-lg:960px;--breakpoint-xl:1200px;--font-family-sans-serif:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,"Noto Sans",sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color 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.admonition-title:before{color:rgba(var(--pst-color-admonition-note),1);content:var(--pst-icon-admonition-note)}div.deprecated{margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:10px;padding:7px;background-color:#f3e5e5;border:1px solid #eed3d7;border-radius:.5rem}div.deprecated p{color:#b94a48;display:inline}.topic{background-color:#eee}.seealso dd{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.viewcode-back{font-family:var(--pst-font-family-base)}.viewcode-block:target{background-color:#f4debf;border-top:1px solid #ac9;border-bottom:1px solid #ac9}span.guilabel{border:1px solid #7fbbe3;background:#e7f2fa;font-size:80%;font-weight:700;border-radius:4px;padding:2.4px 6px;margin:auto 2px}table.field-list{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:10px;margin-left:1px}table.field-list th.field-name{padding:1px 8px 1px 5px;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#eee}table.field-list td.field-body p{font-style:italic}table.field-list td.field-body p>strong{font-style:normal}table.field-list td.field-body 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li>a:hover{color:rgba(var(--pst-color-sidebar-link-hover),1);text-decoration:none;background-color:transparent}.bd-sidebar .nav li>a.reference.external:after{font-family:Font Awesome\ 5 Free;font-weight:900;content:"\f35d";font-size:.75em;margin-left:.3em}.bd-sidebar .nav .active:hover>a,.bd-sidebar .nav .active>a{font-weight:600;color:rgba(var(--pst-color-sidebar-link-active),1)}.toc-h2{font-size:.85rem}.toc-h3{font-size:.75rem}.toc-h4{font-size:.65rem}.toc-entry>.nav-link.active{font-weight:600;color:#130654;color:rgba(var(--pst-color-toc-link-active),1);background-color:transparent;border-left:2px solid rgba(var(--pst-color-toc-link-active),1)}.nav-link:hover{border-style:none}#navbar-main-elements li.nav-item i{font-size:.7rem;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle}.bd-toc .nav .nav{display:none}.bd-toc .nav .nav.visible,.bd-toc .nav>.active>ul{display:block}.prev-next-bottom{margin:20px 0}.prev-next-bottom a.left-prev,.prev-next-bottom a.right-next{padding:10px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.2);max-width:45%;overflow-x:hidden;color:rgba(0,0,0,.65)}.prev-next-bottom a.left-prev{float:left}.prev-next-bottom a.left-prev:before{content:"<< "}.prev-next-bottom a.right-next{float:right}.prev-next-bottom a.right-next:after{content:" >>"}.alert{padding-bottom:0}.alert-info a{color:#e83e8c}#navbar-icon-links i.fa,#navbar-icon-links i.fab,#navbar-icon-links i.far,#navbar-icon-links i.fas{vertical-align:middle;font-style:normal;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25}#navbar-icon-links i.fa-github-square:before{color:#333}#navbar-icon-links i.fa-twitter-square:before{color:#55acee}#navbar-icon-links i.fa-gitlab:before{color:#548}#navbar-icon-links i.fa-bitbucket:before{color:#0052cc}.tocsection{border-left:1px solid #eee;padding:.3rem 1.5rem}.tocsection i{padding-right:.5rem}.editthispage{padding-top:2rem}.editthispage a{color:#130754}.xr-wrap[hidden]{display:block!important}.toctree-checkbox{position:absolute;display:none}.toctree-checkbox~ul{display:none}.toctree-checkbox~label i{transform:rotate(0deg)}.toctree-checkbox:checked~ul{display:block}.toctree-checkbox:checked~label i{transform:rotate(180deg)}.bd-sidebar li{position:relative}.bd-sidebar label{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:30px;width:30px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.bd-sidebar label:hover{background:rgba(var(--pst-color-sidebar-expander-background-hover),1)}.bd-sidebar label i{display:inline-block;font-size:.75rem;text-align:center}.bd-sidebar label i:hover{color:rgba(var(--pst-color-sidebar-link-hover),1)}.bd-sidebar li.has-children>.reference{padding-right:30px}div.doctest>div.highlight span.gp,span.linenos,table.highlighttable td.linenos{user-select:none!important;-webkit-user-select:text!important;-webkit-user-select:none!important;-moz-user-select:none!important;-ms-user-select:none!important} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/_static/css/theme.css b/_build/html/_static/css/theme.css deleted file mode 100644 index 3f6e79d..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/css/theme.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,117 +0,0 @@ -:root { - /***************************************************************************** - * Theme config - **/ - --pst-header-height: 60px; - - /***************************************************************************** - * Font size - **/ - --pst-font-size-base: 15px; /* base font size - applied at body / html level */ - - /* heading font sizes */ - --pst-font-size-h1: 36px; - --pst-font-size-h2: 32px; - --pst-font-size-h3: 26px; - --pst-font-size-h4: 21px; - --pst-font-size-h5: 18px; - --pst-font-size-h6: 16px; - - /* smaller then heading font sizes*/ - --pst-font-size-milli: 12px; - - --pst-sidebar-font-size: .9em; - --pst-sidebar-caption-font-size: .9em; - - /***************************************************************************** - * Font family - **/ - /* These are adapted from https://systemfontstack.com/ */ - --pst-font-family-base-system: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, "Helvetica Neue", - Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol; - --pst-font-family-monospace-system: "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, - Liberation Mono, Lucida Console, monospace; - - --pst-font-family-base: var(--pst-font-family-base-system); - --pst-font-family-heading: var(--pst-font-family-base); - --pst-font-family-monospace: var(--pst-font-family-monospace-system); - - /***************************************************************************** - * Color - * - * Colors are defined in rgb string way, "red, green, blue" - **/ - --pst-color-primary: 19, 6, 84; - --pst-color-success: 40, 167, 69; - --pst-color-info: 0, 123, 255; /*23, 162, 184;*/ - --pst-color-warning: 255, 193, 7; - --pst-color-danger: 220, 53, 69; - --pst-color-text-base: 51, 51, 51; - - --pst-color-h1: var(--pst-color-primary); - --pst-color-h2: var(--pst-color-primary); - --pst-color-h3: var(--pst-color-text-base); - --pst-color-h4: var(--pst-color-text-base); - --pst-color-h5: var(--pst-color-text-base); - --pst-color-h6: var(--pst-color-text-base); - --pst-color-paragraph: var(--pst-color-text-base); - --pst-color-link: 0, 91, 129; - --pst-color-link-hover: 227, 46, 0; - --pst-color-headerlink: 198, 15, 15; - --pst-color-headerlink-hover: 255, 255, 255; - --pst-color-preformatted-text: 34, 34, 34; - --pst-color-preformatted-background: 250, 250, 250; - --pst-color-inline-code: 232, 62, 140; - - --pst-color-active-navigation: 19, 6, 84; - --pst-color-navbar-link: 77, 77, 77; - --pst-color-navbar-link-hover: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - --pst-color-navbar-link-active: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - --pst-color-sidebar-link: 77, 77, 77; - --pst-color-sidebar-link-hover: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - --pst-color-sidebar-link-active: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - --pst-color-sidebar-expander-background-hover: 244, 244, 244; - --pst-color-sidebar-caption: 77, 77, 77; - --pst-color-toc-link: 119, 117, 122; - --pst-color-toc-link-hover: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - --pst-color-toc-link-active: var(--pst-color-active-navigation); - - /***************************************************************************** - * Icon - **/ - - /* font awesome icons*/ - --pst-icon-check-circle: '\f058'; - --pst-icon-info-circle: '\f05a'; - --pst-icon-exclamation-triangle: '\f071'; - --pst-icon-exclamation-circle: '\f06a'; - --pst-icon-times-circle: '\f057'; - --pst-icon-lightbulb: '\f0eb'; - - /***************************************************************************** - * Admonitions - **/ - - --pst-color-admonition-default: var(--pst-color-info); - --pst-color-admonition-note: var(--pst-color-info); - --pst-color-admonition-attention: var(--pst-color-warning); - --pst-color-admonition-caution: var(--pst-color-warning); - --pst-color-admonition-warning: var(--pst-color-warning); - --pst-color-admonition-danger: var(--pst-color-danger); - --pst-color-admonition-error: var(--pst-color-danger); - --pst-color-admonition-hint: var(--pst-color-success); - --pst-color-admonition-tip: var(--pst-color-success); - --pst-color-admonition-important: var(--pst-color-success); - - --pst-icon-admonition-default: var(--pst-icon-info-circle); - --pst-icon-admonition-note: var(--pst-icon-info-circle); - --pst-icon-admonition-attention: var(--pst-icon-exclamation-circle); - --pst-icon-admonition-caution: var(--pst-icon-exclamation-triangle); - --pst-icon-admonition-warning: var(--pst-icon-exclamation-triangle); - --pst-icon-admonition-danger: var(--pst-icon-exclamation-triangle); - --pst-icon-admonition-error: var(--pst-icon-times-circle); - --pst-icon-admonition-hint: var(--pst-icon-lightbulb); - --pst-icon-admonition-tip: var(--pst-icon-lightbulb); - --pst-icon-admonition-important: var(--pst-icon-exclamation-circle); - -} diff --git a/_build/html/_static/doctools.js b/_build/html/_static/doctools.js deleted file mode 100644 index 61ac9d2..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/doctools.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,321 +0,0 @@ -/* - * doctools.js - * ~~~~~~~~~~~ - * - * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation. - * - * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. - * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. - * - */ - -/** - * select a different prefix for underscore - */ -$u = _.noConflict(); - -/** - * make the code below compatible with browsers without - * an installed firebug like debugger -if (!window.console || !console.firebug) { - var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir", - "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace", - "profile", "profileEnd"]; - window.console = {}; - for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i) - window.console[names[i]] = function() {}; -} - */ - -/** - * small helper function to urldecode strings - * - * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent#Decoding_query_parameters_from_a_URL - */ -jQuery.urldecode = function(x) { - if (!x) { - return x - } - return decodeURIComponent(x.replace(/\+/g, ' ')); -}; - -/** - * small helper function to urlencode strings - */ -jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent; - -/** - * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the - * current request. Multiple values per key are supported, - * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts. - */ -jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) { - if (typeof s === 'undefined') - s = document.location.search; - var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&'); - var result = {}; - for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { - var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2); - var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]); - var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]); - if (key in result) - result[key].push(value); - else - result[key] = [value]; - } - return result; -}; - -/** - * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in - * span elements with the given class name. - */ -jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) { - function highlight(node, addItems) { - if (node.nodeType === 3) { - var val = node.nodeValue; - var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); - if (pos >= 0 && - !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) && - !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) { - var span; - var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg"); - if (isInSVG) { - span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); - } else { - span = document.createElement("span"); - span.className = className; - } - span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); - node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore( - document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)), - node.nextSibling)); - node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); - if (isInSVG) { - var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect"); - var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox(); - rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; - rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; - rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; - rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; - rect.setAttribute('class', className); - addItems.push({ - "parent": node.parentNode, - "target": rect}); - } - } - } - else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) { - jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() { - highlight(this, addItems); - }); - } - } - var addItems = []; - var result = this.each(function() { - highlight(this, addItems); - }); - for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) { - jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target); - } - return result; -}; - -/* - * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser - * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed. - */ -if (!jQuery.browser) { - jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) { - ua = ua.toLowerCase(); - - var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || - /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || - /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || - /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || - ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) || - []; - - return { - browser: match[ 1 ] || "", - version: match[ 2 ] || "0" - }; - }; - jQuery.browser = {}; - jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true; -} - -/** - * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. - */ -var Documentation = { - - init : function() { - this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug(); - this.highlightSearchWords(); - this.initIndexTable(); - if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) { - this.initOnKeyListeners(); - } - }, - - /** - * i18n support - */ - TRANSLATIONS : {}, - PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n === 1 ? 0 : 1; }, - LOCALE : 'unknown', - - // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions - // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext) - gettext : function(string) { - var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string]; - if (typeof translated === 'undefined') - return string; - return (typeof translated === 'string') ? translated : translated[0]; - }, - - ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) { - var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular]; - if (typeof translated === 'undefined') - return (n == 1) ? singular : plural; - return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)]; - }, - - addTranslations : function(catalog) { - for (var key in catalog.messages) - this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key]; - this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')'); - this.LOCALE = catalog.locale; - }, - - /** - * add context elements like header anchor links - */ - addContextElements : function() { - $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() { - $('\u00B6'). - attr('href', '#' + this.id). - attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')). - appendTo(this); - }); - $('dt[id]').each(function() { - $('\u00B6'). - attr('href', '#' + this.id). - attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')). - appendTo(this); - }); - }, - - /** - * workaround a firefox stupidity - * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075 - */ - fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() { - if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla) - window.setTimeout(function() { - document.location.href += ''; - }, 10); - }, - - /** - * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text - */ - highlightSearchWords : function() { - var params = $.getQueryParameters(); - var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : []; - if (terms.length) { - var body = $('div.body'); - if (!body.length) { - body = $('body'); - } - window.setTimeout(function() { - $.each(terms, function() { - body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted'); - }); - }, 10); - $('') - .appendTo($('#searchbox')); - } - }, - - /** - * init the domain index toggle buttons - */ - initIndexTable : function() { - var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() { - var src = $(this).attr('src'); - var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7); - $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle(); - if (src.substr(-9) === 'minus.png') - $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png'); - else - $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png'); - }).css('display', ''); - if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) { - togglers.click(); - } - }, - - /** - * helper function to hide the search marks again - */ - hideSearchWords : function() { - $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300); - $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted'); - }, - - /** - * make the url absolute - */ - makeURL : function(relativeURL) { - return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL; - }, - - /** - * get the current relative url - */ - getCurrentURL : function() { - var path = document.location.pathname; - var parts = path.split(/\//); - $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() { - if (this === '..') - parts.pop(); - }); - var url = parts.join('/'); - return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1); - }, - - initOnKeyListeners: function() { - $(document).keydown(function(event) { - var activeElementType = document.activeElement.tagName; - // don't navigate when in search box, textarea, dropdown or button - if (activeElementType !== 'TEXTAREA' && activeElementType !== 'INPUT' && activeElementType !== 'SELECT' - && activeElementType !== 'BUTTON' && !event.altKey && !event.ctrlKey && !event.metaKey - && !event.shiftKey) { - switch (event.keyCode) { - case 37: // left - var prevHref = $('link[rel="prev"]').prop('href'); - if (prevHref) { - window.location.href = prevHref; - return false; - } - case 39: // right - var nextHref = $('link[rel="next"]').prop('href'); - if (nextHref) { - window.location.href = nextHref; - return false; - } - } - } - }); - } -}; - -// quick alias for translations -_ = Documentation.gettext; - -$(document).ready(function() { - Documentation.init(); -}); diff --git a/_build/html/_static/documentation_options.js b/_build/html/_static/documentation_options.js deleted file mode 100644 index 93b7c24..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/documentation_options.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { - URL_ROOT: document.getElementById("documentation_options").getAttribute('data-url_root'), - VERSION: '', - LANGUAGE: 'None', - COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, - BUILDER: 'html', - FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', - LINK_SUFFIX: '.html', - HAS_SOURCE: true, - SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '', - NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: true -}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/_static/file.png b/_build/html/_static/file.png deleted file mode 100644 index a858a41..0000000 Binary files a/_build/html/_static/file.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_binder.svg b/_build/html/_static/images/logo_binder.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 45fecf7..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_binder.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,19 +0,0 @@ - - - - -logo - - - - - - - - diff --git a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_colab.png b/_build/html/_static/images/logo_colab.png deleted file mode 100644 index b7560ec..0000000 Binary files a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_colab.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_jupyterhub.svg b/_build/html/_static/images/logo_jupyterhub.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 60cfe9f..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/images/logo_jupyterhub.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -logo_jupyterhubHub diff --git a/_build/html/_static/jquery-3.5.1.js b/_build/html/_static/jquery-3.5.1.js deleted file mode 100644 index 5093733..0000000 --- a/_build/html/_static/jquery-3.5.1.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10872 +0,0 @@ -/*! - * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.5.1 - * https://jquery.com/ - * - * Includes Sizzle.js - * https://sizzlejs.com/ - * - * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors - * Released under the MIT license - * https://jquery.org/license - * - * Date: 2020-05-04T22:49Z - */ -( function( global, factory ) { - - "use strict"; - - if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { - - // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` - // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. - // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` - // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. - // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. - // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); - // See ticket #14549 for more info. - module.exports = global.document ? - factory( global, true ) : - function( w ) { - if ( !w.document ) { - throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); - } - return factory( w ); - }; - } else { - factory( global ); - } - -// Pass this if window is not defined yet -} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { - -// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 -// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode -// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common -// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. -"use strict"; - -var arr = []; - -var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; - -var slice = arr.slice; - -var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { - return arr.flat.call( array ); -} : function( array ) { - return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); -}; - - -var push = arr.push; - -var indexOf = arr.indexOf; - -var class2type = {}; - -var toString = class2type.toString; - -var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; - -var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; - -var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); - -var support = {}; - -var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 - // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements - // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). - // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. - return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number"; - }; - - -var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { - return obj != null && obj === obj.window; - }; - - -var document = window.document; - - - - var preservedScriptAttributes = { - type: true, - src: true, - nonce: true, - noModule: true - }; - - function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { - doc = doc || document; - - var i, val, - script = doc.createElement( "script" ); - - script.text = code; - if ( node ) { - for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { - - // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ - // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. - // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as - // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it - // becomes browsing-context connected. - // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 - // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes - // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of - // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node - // via an object. - val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); - if ( val ) { - script.setAttribute( i, val ); - } - } - } - doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); - } - - -function toType( obj ) { - if ( obj == null ) { - return obj + ""; - } - - // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) - return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? - class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : - typeof obj; -} -/* global Symbol */ -// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global -// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module - - - -var - version = "3.5.1", - - // Define a local copy of jQuery - jQuery = function( selector, context ) { - - // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' - // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) - return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); - }; - -jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { - - // The current version of jQuery being used - jquery: version, - - constructor: jQuery, - - // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 - length: 0, - - toArray: function() { - return slice.call( this ); - }, - - // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR - // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array - get: function( num ) { - - // Return all the elements in a clean array - if ( num == null ) { - return slice.call( this ); - } - - // Return just the one element from the set - return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; - }, - - // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack - // (returning the new matched element set) - pushStack: function( elems ) { - - // Build a new jQuery matched element set - var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); - - // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) - ret.prevObject = this; - - // Return the newly-formed element set - return ret; - }, - - // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. - each: function( callback ) { - return jQuery.each( this, callback ); - }, - - map: function( callback ) { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { - return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); - } ) ); - }, - - slice: function() { - return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); - }, - - first: function() { - return this.eq( 0 ); - }, - - last: function() { - return this.eq( -1 ); - }, - - even: function() { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { - return ( i + 1 ) % 2; - } ) ); - }, - - odd: function() { - return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { - return i % 2; - } ) ); - }, - - eq: function( i ) { - var len = this.length, - j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); - return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); - }, - - end: function() { - return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); - }, - - // For internal use only. - // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. - push: push, - sort: arr.sort, - splice: arr.splice -}; - -jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { - var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, - target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, - i = 1, - length = arguments.length, - deep = false; - - // Handle a deep copy situation - if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { - deep = target; - - // Skip the boolean and the target - target = arguments[ i ] || {}; - i++; - } - - // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) - if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { - target = {}; - } - - // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed - if ( i === length ) { - target = this; - i--; - } - - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - - // Only deal with non-null/undefined values - if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { - - // Extend the base object - for ( name in options ) { - copy = options[ name ]; - - // Prevent Object.prototype pollution - // Prevent never-ending loop - if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { - continue; - } - - // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays - if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || - ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { - src = target[ name ]; - - // Ensure proper type for the source value - if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { - clone = []; - } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { - clone = {}; - } else { - clone = src; - } - copyIsArray = false; - - // Never move original objects, clone them - target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); - - // Don't bring in undefined values - } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { - target[ name ] = copy; - } - } - } - } - - // Return the modified object - return target; -}; - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page - expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), - - // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module - isReady: true, - - error: function( msg ) { - throw new Error( msg ); - }, - - noop: function() {}, - - isPlainObject: function( obj ) { - var proto, Ctor; - - // Detect obvious negatives - // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects - if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { - return false; - } - - proto = getProto( obj ); - - // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain - if ( !proto ) { - return true; - } - - // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function - Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; - return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; - }, - - isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { - var name; - - for ( name in obj ) { - return false; - } - return true; - }, - - // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one - // if not specified. - globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { - DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); - }, - - each: function( obj, callback ) { - var length, i = 0; - - if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { - length = obj.length; - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { - break; - } - } - } else { - for ( i in obj ) { - if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { - break; - } - } - } - - return obj; - }, - - // results is for internal usage only - makeArray: function( arr, results ) { - var ret = results || []; - - if ( arr != null ) { - if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { - jQuery.merge( ret, - typeof arr === "string" ? - [ arr ] : arr - ); - } else { - push.call( ret, arr ); - } - } - - return ret; - }, - - inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { - return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); - }, - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - merge: function( first, second ) { - var len = +second.length, - j = 0, - i = first.length; - - for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { - first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; - } - - first.length = i; - - return first; - }, - - grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { - var callbackInverse, - matches = [], - i = 0, - length = elems.length, - callbackExpect = !invert; - - // Go through the array, only saving the items - // that pass the validator function - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); - if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { - matches.push( elems[ i ] ); - } - } - - return matches; - }, - - // arg is for internal usage only - map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { - var length, value, - i = 0, - ret = []; - - // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values - if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { - length = elems.length; - for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { - value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); - - if ( value != null ) { - ret.push( value ); - } - } - - // Go through every key on the object, - } else { - for ( i in elems ) { - value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); - - if ( value != null ) { - ret.push( value ); - } - } - } - - // Flatten any nested arrays - return flat( ret ); - }, - - // A global GUID counter for objects - guid: 1, - - // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their - // properties to it so it needs to exist. - support: support -} ); - -if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { - jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; -} - -// Populate the class2type map -jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), -function( _i, name ) { - class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); -} ); - -function isArrayLike( obj ) { - - // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) - // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) - // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives - // regarding Nodelist length in IE - var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, - type = toType( obj ); - - if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { - return false; - } - - return type === "array" || length === 0 || - typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; -} -var Sizzle = -/*! - * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.5 - * https://sizzlejs.com/ - * - * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors - * Released under the MIT license - * https://js.foundation/ - * - * Date: 2020-03-14 - */ -( function( window ) { -var i, - support, - Expr, - getText, - isXML, - tokenize, - compile, - select, - outermostContext, - sortInput, - hasDuplicate, - - // Local document vars - setDocument, - document, - docElem, - documentIsHTML, - rbuggyQSA, - rbuggyMatches, - matches, - contains, - - // Instance-specific data - expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), - preferredDoc = window.document, - dirruns = 0, - done = 0, - classCache = createCache(), - tokenCache = createCache(), - compilerCache = createCache(), - nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), - sortOrder = function( a, b ) { - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - } - return 0; - }, - - // Instance methods - hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, - arr = [], - pop = arr.pop, - pushNative = arr.push, - push = arr.push, - slice = arr.slice, - - // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native - // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 - indexOf = function( list, elem ) { - var i = 0, - len = list.length; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { - return i; - } - } - return -1; - }, - - booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + - "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", - - // Regular expressions - - // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace - whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", - - // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram - identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + - "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", - - // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors - attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + - - // Operator (capture 2) - "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + - - // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] - // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" - "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + - whitespace + "*\\]", - - pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + - - // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: - // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) - "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + - - // 2. simple (capture 6) - "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + - - // 3. anything else (capture 2) - ".*" + - ")\\)|)", - - // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter - rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), - rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + - whitespace + "+$", "g" ), - - rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), - rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + - "*" ), - rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), - - rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), - ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), - - matchExpr = { - "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), - "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), - "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), - "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), - "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), - "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + - whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + - whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), - "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), - - // For use in libraries implementing .is() - // We use this for POS matching in `select` - "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + - "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + - "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) - }, - - rhtml = /HTML$/i, - rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, - rheader = /^h\d$/i, - - rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, - - // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors - rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, - - rsibling = /[+~]/, - - // CSS escapes - // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters - runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), - funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { - var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; - - return nonHex ? - - // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence - nonHex : - - // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point - // Support: IE <=11+ - // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a - // surrogate pair - high < 0 ? - String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : - String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); - }, - - // CSS string/identifier serialization - // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms - rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, - fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { - if ( asCodePoint ) { - - // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER - if ( ch === "\0" ) { - return "\uFFFD"; - } - - // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points - return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + - ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; - } - - // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped - return "\\" + ch; - }, - - // Used for iframes - // See setDocument() - // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" - // error in IE - unloadHandler = function() { - setDocument(); - }, - - inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( - function( elem ) { - return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; - }, - { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } - ); - -// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) -try { - push.apply( - ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), - preferredDoc.childNodes - ); - - // Support: Android<4.0 - // Detect silently failing push.apply - // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions - arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; -} catch ( e ) { - push = { apply: arr.length ? - - // Leverage slice if possible - function( target, els ) { - pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); - } : - - // Support: IE<9 - // Otherwise append directly - function( target, els ) { - var j = target.length, - i = 0; - - // Can't trust NodeList.length - while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} - target.length = j - 1; - } - }; -} - -function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { - var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, - newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, - - // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document - nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; - - results = results || []; - - // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context - if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || - nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { - - return results; - } - - // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents - if ( !seed ) { - setDocument( context ); - context = context || document; - - if ( documentIsHTML ) { - - // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method - // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) - if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { - - // ID selector - if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { - - // Document context - if ( nodeType === 9 ) { - if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { - - // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit - // TODO: identify versions - // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID - if ( elem.id === m ) { - results.push( elem ); - return results; - } - } else { - return results; - } - - // Element context - } else { - - // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit - // TODO: identify versions - // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID - if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && - contains( context, elem ) && - elem.id === m ) { - - results.push( elem ); - return results; - } - } - - // Type selector - } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { - push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); - return results; - - // Class selector - } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && - context.getElementsByClassName ) { - - push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); - return results; - } - } - - // Take advantage of querySelectorAll - if ( support.qsa && - !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && - ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && - - // Support: IE 8 only - // Exclude object elements - ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { - - newSelector = selector; - newContext = context; - - // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or - // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. - // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the - // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. - // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used - // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. - // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. - if ( nodeType === 1 && - ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { - - // Expand context for sibling selectors - newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || - context; - - // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser - // supports it & if we're not changing the context. - if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { - - // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary - if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { - nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); - } else { - context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); - } - } - - // Prefix every selector in the list - groups = tokenize( selector ); - i = groups.length; - while ( i-- ) { - groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + - toSelector( groups[ i ] ); - } - newSelector = groups.join( "," ); - } - - try { - push.apply( results, - newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) - ); - return results; - } catch ( qsaError ) { - nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); - } finally { - if ( nid === expando ) { - context.removeAttribute( "id" ); - } - } - } - } - } - - // All others - return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); -} - -/** - * Create key-value caches of limited size - * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with - * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) - * deleting the oldest entry - */ -function createCache() { - var keys = []; - - function cache( key, value ) { - - // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) - if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { - - // Only keep the most recent entries - delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; - } - return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); - } - return cache; -} - -/** - * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle - * @param {Function} fn The function to mark - */ -function markFunction( fn ) { - fn[ expando ] = true; - return fn; -} - -/** - * Support testing using an element - * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result - */ -function assert( fn ) { - var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); - - try { - return !!fn( el ); - } catch ( e ) { - return false; - } finally { - - // Remove from its parent by default - if ( el.parentNode ) { - el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); - } - - // release memory in IE - el = null; - } -} - -/** - * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs - * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes - * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied - */ -function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { - var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), - i = arr.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; - } -} - -/** - * Checks document order of two siblings - * @param {Element} a - * @param {Element} b - * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b - */ -function siblingCheck( a, b ) { - var cur = b && a, - diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && - a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; - - // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes - if ( diff ) { - return diff; - } - - // Check if b follows a - if ( cur ) { - while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { - if ( cur === b ) { - return -1; - } - } - } - - return a ? 1 : -1; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types - * @param {String} type - */ -function createInputPseudo( type ) { - return function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return name === "input" && elem.type === type; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons - * @param {String} type - */ -function createButtonPseudo( type ) { - return function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled - * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled - */ -function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { - - // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable - return function( elem ) { - - // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled - if ( "form" in elem ) { - - // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: - // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled - // * option elements in a disabled optgroup - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled - // All such elements have a "form" property. - if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { - - // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present - if ( "label" in elem ) { - if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { - return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; - } else { - return elem.disabled === disabled; - } - } - - // Support: IE 6 - 11 - // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors - return elem.isDisabled === disabled || - - // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually - /* jshint -W018 */ - elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && - inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; - } - - return elem.disabled === disabled; - - // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. - // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't - // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. - } else if ( "label" in elem ) { - return elem.disabled === disabled; - } - - // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled - return false; - }; -} - -/** - * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals - * @param {Function} fn - */ -function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { - return markFunction( function( argument ) { - argument = +argument; - return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { - var j, - matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), - i = matchIndexes.length; - - // Match elements found at the specified indexes - while ( i-- ) { - if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { - seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); - } - } - } ); - } ); -} - -/** - * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context - * @param {Element|Object=} context - * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value - */ -function testContext( context ) { - return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; -} - -// Expose support vars for convenience -support = Sizzle.support = {}; - -/** - * Detects XML nodes - * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document - * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node - */ -isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { - var namespace = elem.namespaceURI, - docElem = ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; - - // Support: IE <=8 - // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes - // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 - return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); -}; - -/** - * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document - * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document - * @returns {Object} Returns the current document - */ -setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { - var hasCompare, subWindow, - doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; - - // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { - return document; - } - - // Update global variables - document = doc; - docElem = document.documentElement; - documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ - // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( preferredDoc != document && - ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { - - // Support: IE 11, Edge - if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { - subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); - - // Support: IE 9 - 10 only - } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { - subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); - } - } - - // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, - // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only - // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. - // Support: Safari 6.0 only - // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. - support.scope = assert( function( el ) { - docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); - return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && - !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; - } ); - - /* Attributes - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Support: IE<8 - // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties - // (excepting IE8 booleans) - support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { - el.className = "i"; - return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); - } ); - - /* getElement(s)By* - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements - support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { - el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); - return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; - } ); - - // Support: IE<9 - support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); - - // Support: IE<10 - // Check if getElementById returns elements by name - // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, - // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test - support.getById = assert( function( el ) { - docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; - return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; - } ); - - // ID filter and find - if ( support.getById ) { - Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { - var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; - }; - }; - Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - var elem = context.getElementById( id ); - return elem ? [ elem ] : []; - } - }; - } else { - Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { - var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && - elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - return node && node.value === attrId; - }; - }; - - // Support: IE 6 - 7 only - // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut - Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - var node, i, elems, - elem = context.getElementById( id ); - - if ( elem ) { - - // Verify the id attribute - node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - if ( node && node.value === id ) { - return [ elem ]; - } - - // Fall back on getElementsByName - elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); - i = 0; - while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { - node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); - if ( node && node.value === id ) { - return [ elem ]; - } - } - } - - return []; - } - }; - } - - // Tag - Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? - function( tag, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { - return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); - - // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN - } else if ( support.qsa ) { - return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); - } - } : - - function( tag, context ) { - var elem, - tmp = [], - i = 0, - - // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too - results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); - - // Filter out possible comments - if ( tag === "*" ) { - while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - tmp.push( elem ); - } - } - - return tmp; - } - return results; - }; - - // Class - Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { - if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { - return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); - } - }; - - /* QSA/matchesSelector - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // QSA and matchesSelector support - - // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) - rbuggyMatches = []; - - // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) - // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error - // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe - // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error - // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 - rbuggyQSA = []; - - if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { - - // Build QSA regex - // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini - assert( function( el ) { - - var input; - - // Select is set to empty string on purpose - // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly - // setting a boolean content attribute, - // since its presence should be enough - // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 - docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + - ""; - - // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 - // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= - // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT - // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section - if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); - } - - // Support: IE8 - // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); - } - - // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); - } - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. - // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works - // around the issue. - // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); - el.appendChild( input ); - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + - whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); - } - - // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements - // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked - // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); - } - - // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ - // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 - // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails - if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); - } - - // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only - // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. - el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); - rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); - } ); - - assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = "" + - ""; - - // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps - // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment - var input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); - el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); - - // Support: IE8 - // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute - if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); - } - - // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) - // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests - if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); - } - - // Support: IE9-11+ - // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets - docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; - if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { - rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); - } - - // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only - // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos - el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); - rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); - } ); - } - - if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || - docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || - docElem.mozMatchesSelector || - docElem.oMatchesSelector || - docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { - - assert( function( el ) { - - // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector - // on a disconnected node (IE 9) - support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); - - // This should fail with an exception - // Gecko does not error, returns false instead - matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); - rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); - } ); - } - - rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); - rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); - - /* Contains - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); - - // Element contains another - // Purposefully self-exclusive - // As in, an element does not contain itself - contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? - function( a, b ) { - var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, - bup = b && b.parentNode; - return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( - adown.contains ? - adown.contains( bup ) : - a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 - ) ); - } : - function( a, b ) { - if ( b ) { - while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { - if ( b === a ) { - return true; - } - } - } - return false; - }; - - /* Sorting - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ - - // Document order sorting - sortOrder = hasCompare ? - function( a, b ) { - - // Flag for duplicate removal - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - return 0; - } - - // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition - var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; - if ( compare ) { - return compare; - } - - // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? - a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : - - // Otherwise we know they are disconnected - 1; - - // Disconnected nodes - if ( compare & 1 || - ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { - - // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && - contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { - return -1; - } - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && - contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { - return 1; - } - - // Maintain original order - return sortInput ? - ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : - 0; - } - - return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; - } : - function( a, b ) { - - // Exit early if the nodes are identical - if ( a === b ) { - hasDuplicate = true; - return 0; - } - - var cur, - i = 0, - aup = a.parentNode, - bup = b.parentNode, - ap = [ a ], - bp = [ b ]; - - // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected - if ( !aup || !bup ) { - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ - return a == document ? -1 : - b == document ? 1 : - /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ - aup ? -1 : - bup ? 1 : - sortInput ? - ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : - 0; - - // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check - } else if ( aup === bup ) { - return siblingCheck( a, b ); - } - - // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison - cur = a; - while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { - ap.unshift( cur ); - } - cur = b; - while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { - bp.unshift( cur ); - } - - // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy - while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { - i++; - } - - return i ? - - // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor - siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : - - // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ - ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : - bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : - /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ - 0; - }; - - return document; -}; - -Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { - return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); -}; - -Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { - setDocument( elem ); - - if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && - !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && - ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && - ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { - - try { - var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); - - // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes - if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || - - // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document - // fragment in IE 9 - elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { - return ret; - } - } catch ( e ) { - nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); - } - } - - return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; -}; - -Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { - - // Set document vars if needed - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { - setDocument( context ); - } - return contains( context, elem ); -}; - -Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { - - // Set document vars if needed - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { - setDocument( elem ); - } - - var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], - - // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) - val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? - fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : - undefined; - - return val !== undefined ? - val : - support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? - elem.getAttribute( name ) : - ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? - val.value : - null; -}; - -Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { - return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); -}; - -Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { - throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); -}; - -/** - * Document sorting and removing duplicates - * @param {ArrayLike} results - */ -Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { - var elem, - duplicates = [], - j = 0, - i = 0; - - // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence - hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; - sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); - results.sort( sortOrder ); - - if ( hasDuplicate ) { - while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { - j = duplicates.push( i ); - } - } - while ( j-- ) { - results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); - } - } - - // Clear input after sorting to release objects - // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 - sortInput = null; - - return results; -}; - -/** - * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes - * @param {Array|Element} elem - */ -getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { - var node, - ret = "", - i = 0, - nodeType = elem.nodeType; - - if ( !nodeType ) { - - // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array - while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Do not traverse comment nodes - ret += getText( node ); - } - } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { - - // Use textContent for elements - // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) - if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { - return elem.textContent; - } else { - - // Traverse its children - for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { - ret += getText( elem ); - } - } - } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { - return elem.nodeValue; - } - - // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes - - return ret; -}; - -Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { - - // Can be adjusted by the user - cacheLength: 50, - - createPseudo: markFunction, - - match: matchExpr, - - attrHandle: {}, - - find: {}, - - relative: { - ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, - " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, - "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, - "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } - }, - - preFilter: { - "ATTR": function( match ) { - match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); - - // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted - match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || - match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); - - if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { - match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; - } - - return match.slice( 0, 4 ); - }, - - "CHILD": function( match ) { - - /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] - 1 type (only|nth|...) - 2 what (child|of-type) - 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) - 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) - 5 sign of xn-component - 6 x of xn-component - 7 sign of y-component - 8 y of y-component - */ - match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); - - if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { - - // nth-* requires argument - if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { - Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); - } - - // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD - // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 - match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? - match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : - 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); - match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); - - // other types prohibit arguments - } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { - Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); - } - - return match; - }, - - "PSEUDO": function( match ) { - var excess, - unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; - - if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { - return null; - } - - // Accept quoted arguments as-is - if ( match[ 3 ] ) { - match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; - - // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments - } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && - - // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) - ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && - - // advance to the next closing parenthesis - ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { - - // excess is a negative index - match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); - match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); - } - - // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) - return match.slice( 0, 3 ); - } - }, - - filter: { - - "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { - var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); - return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? - function() { - return true; - } : - function( elem ) { - return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; - }; - }, - - "CLASS": function( className ) { - var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; - - return pattern || - ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + - ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( - className, function( elem ) { - return pattern.test( - typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || - typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && - elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || - "" - ); - } ); - }, - - "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { - return function( elem ) { - var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); - - if ( result == null ) { - return operator === "!="; - } - if ( !operator ) { - return true; - } - - result += ""; - - /* eslint-disable max-len */ - - return operator === "=" ? result === check : - operator === "!=" ? result !== check : - operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : - operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : - operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : - operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : - operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : - false; - /* eslint-enable max-len */ - - }; - }, - - "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { - var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", - forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", - ofType = what === "of-type"; - - return first === 1 && last === 0 ? - - // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) - function( elem ) { - return !!elem.parentNode; - } : - - function( elem, _context, xml ) { - var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, - dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", - parent = elem.parentNode, - name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), - useCache = !xml && !ofType, - diff = false; - - if ( parent ) { - - // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) - if ( simple ) { - while ( dir ) { - node = elem; - while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( ofType ? - node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : - node.nodeType === 1 ) { - - return false; - } - } - - // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) - start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; - } - return true; - } - - start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; - - // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` - if ( forward && useCache ) { - - // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index - - // ...in a gzip-friendly way - node = parent; - outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; - nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; - diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; - node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; - - while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || - - // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start - ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { - - // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break - if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { - uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; - break; - } - } - - } else { - - // Use previously-cached element index if available - if ( useCache ) { - - // ...in a gzip-friendly way - node = elem; - outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; - nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; - diff = nodeIndex; - } - - // xml :nth-child(...) - // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) - if ( diff === false ) { - - // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start - while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || - ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { - - if ( ( ofType ? - node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : - node.nodeType === 1 ) && - ++diff ) { - - // Cache the index of each encountered element - if ( useCache ) { - outerCache = node[ expando ] || - ( node[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; - } - - if ( node === elem ) { - break; - } - } - } - } - } - - // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size - diff -= last; - return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); - } - }; - }, - - "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { - - // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes - // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters - // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos - var args, - fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || - Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); - - // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that - // arguments are needed to create the filter function - // just as Sizzle does - if ( fn[ expando ] ) { - return fn( argument ); - } - - // But maintain support for old signatures - if ( fn.length > 1 ) { - args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; - return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? - markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { - var idx, - matched = fn( seed, argument ), - i = matched.length; - while ( i-- ) { - idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); - seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); - } - } ) : - function( elem ) { - return fn( elem, 0, args ); - }; - } - - return fn; - } - }, - - pseudos: { - - // Potentially complex pseudos - "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { - - // Trim the selector passed to compile - // to avoid treating leading and trailing - // spaces as combinators - var input = [], - results = [], - matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); - - return matcher[ expando ] ? - markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { - var elem, - unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), - i = seed.length; - - // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { - seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); - } - } - } ) : - function( elem, _context, xml ) { - input[ 0 ] = elem; - matcher( input, null, xml, results ); - - // Don't keep the element (issue #299) - input[ 0 ] = null; - return !results.pop(); - }; - } ), - - "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { - return function( elem ) { - return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; - }; - } ), - - "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { - text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); - return function( elem ) { - return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; - }; - } ), - - // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector - // is based solely on the element's language value - // being equal to the identifier C, - // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". - // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. - // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo - "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { - - // lang value must be a valid identifier - if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { - Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); - } - lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); - return function( elem ) { - var elemLang; - do { - if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? - elem.lang : - elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { - - elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); - return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; - } - } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); - return false; - }; - } ), - - // Miscellaneous - "target": function( elem ) { - var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; - return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; - }, - - "root": function( elem ) { - return elem === docElem; - }, - - "focus": function( elem ) { - return elem === document.activeElement && - ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && - !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); - }, - - // Boolean properties - "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), - "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), - - "checked": function( elem ) { - - // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements - // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked - var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || - ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); - }, - - "selected": function( elem ) { - - // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default - // options in Safari work properly - if ( elem.parentNode ) { - // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions - elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - - return elem.selected === true; - }, - - // Contents - "empty": function( elem ) { - - // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo - // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), - // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) - // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children - for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { - if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { - return false; - } - } - return true; - }, - - "parent": function( elem ) { - return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); - }, - - // Element/input types - "header": function( elem ) { - return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); - }, - - "input": function( elem ) { - return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); - }, - - "button": function( elem ) { - var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; - }, - - "text": function( elem ) { - var attr; - return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && - elem.type === "text" && - - // Support: IE<8 - // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" - ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || - attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); - }, - - // Position-in-collection - "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { - return [ 0 ]; - } ), - - "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { - return [ length - 1 ]; - } ), - - "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; - } ), - - "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { - var i = 0; - for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { - var i = 1; - for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - var i = argument < 0 ? - argument + length : - argument > length ? - length : - argument; - for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ), - - "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { - var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; - for ( ; ++i < length; ) { - matchIndexes.push( i ); - } - return matchIndexes; - } ) - } -}; - -Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; - -// Add button/input type pseudos -for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { - Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); -} -for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { - Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); -} - -// Easy API for creating new setFilters -function setFilters() {} -setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; -Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); - -tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { - var matched, match, tokens, type, - soFar, groups, preFilters, - cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; - - if ( cached ) { - return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); - } - - soFar = selector; - groups = []; - preFilters = Expr.preFilter; - - while ( soFar ) { - - // Comma and first run - if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { - if ( match ) { - - // Don't consume trailing commas as valid - soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; - } - groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); - } - - matched = false; - - // Combinators - if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { - matched = match.shift(); - tokens.push( { - value: matched, - - // Cast descendant combinators to space - type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) - } ); - soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); - } - - // Filters - for ( type in Expr.filter ) { - if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || - ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { - matched = match.shift(); - tokens.push( { - value: matched, - type: type, - matches: match - } ); - soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); - } - } - - if ( !matched ) { - break; - } - } - - // Return the length of the invalid excess - // if we're just parsing - // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens - return parseOnly ? - soFar.length : - soFar ? - Sizzle.error( selector ) : - - // Cache the tokens - tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); -}; - -function toSelector( tokens ) { - var i = 0, - len = tokens.length, - selector = ""; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - selector += tokens[ i ].value; - } - return selector; -} - -function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { - var dir = combinator.dir, - skip = combinator.next, - key = skip || dir, - checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", - doneName = done++; - - return combinator.first ? - - // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element - function( elem, context, xml ) { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - return matcher( elem, context, xml ); - } - } - return false; - } : - - // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements - function( elem, context, xml ) { - var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, - newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; - - // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching - if ( xml ) { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } - } else { - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { - outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); - - // Support: IE <9 only - // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) - uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || - ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); - - if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { - elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; - } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && - oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { - - // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements - return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); - } else { - - // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements - uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; - - // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking - if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } - } - } - return false; - }; -} - -function elementMatcher( matchers ) { - return matchers.length > 1 ? - function( elem, context, xml ) { - var i = matchers.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { - return false; - } - } - return true; - } : - matchers[ 0 ]; -} - -function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { - var i = 0, - len = contexts.length; - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); - } - return results; -} - -function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { - var elem, - newUnmatched = [], - i = 0, - len = unmatched.length, - mapped = map != null; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { - if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { - newUnmatched.push( elem ); - if ( mapped ) { - map.push( i ); - } - } - } - } - - return newUnmatched; -} - -function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { - if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { - postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); - } - if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { - postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); - } - return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { - var temp, i, elem, - preMap = [], - postMap = [], - preexisting = results.length, - - // Get initial elements from seed or context - elems = seed || multipleContexts( - selector || "*", - context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, - [] - ), - - // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization - matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? - condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : - elems, - - matcherOut = matcher ? - - // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, - postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? - - // ...intermediate processing is necessary - [] : - - // ...otherwise use results directly - results : - matcherIn; - - // Find primary matches - if ( matcher ) { - matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); - } - - // Apply postFilter - if ( postFilter ) { - temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); - postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); - - // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn - i = temp.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { - matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); - } - } - } - - if ( seed ) { - if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { - if ( postFinder ) { - - // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts - temp = []; - i = matcherOut.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { - - // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match - temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); - } - } - postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); - } - - // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized - i = matcherOut.length; - while ( i-- ) { - if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && - ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { - - seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); - } - } - } - - // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined - } else { - matcherOut = condense( - matcherOut === results ? - matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : - matcherOut - ); - if ( postFinder ) { - postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); - } else { - push.apply( results, matcherOut ); - } - } - } ); -} - -function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { - var checkContext, matcher, j, - len = tokens.length, - leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], - implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], - i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, - - // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) - matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { - return elem === checkContext; - }, implicitRelative, true ), - matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { - return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; - }, implicitRelative, true ), - matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { - var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( - ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? - matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : - matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); - - // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) - checkContext = null; - return ret; - } ]; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { - matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; - } else { - matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); - - // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher - if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { - - // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling - j = ++i; - for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { - if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { - break; - } - } - return setMatcher( - i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), - i > 1 && toSelector( - - // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` - tokens - .slice( 0, i - 1 ) - .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) - ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), - matcher, - i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), - j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), - j < len && toSelector( tokens ) - ); - } - matchers.push( matcher ); - } - } - - return elementMatcher( matchers ); -} - -function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { - var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, - byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, - superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { - var elem, j, matcher, - matchedCount = 0, - i = "0", - unmatched = seed && [], - setMatched = [], - contextBackup = outermostContext, - - // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context - elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), - - // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher - dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), - len = elems.length; - - if ( outermost ) { - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; - } - - // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results - // Support: IE<9, Safari - // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id - for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( byElement && elem ) { - j = 0; - - // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ - // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing - // two documents; shallow comparisons work. - // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq - if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { - setDocument( elem ); - xml = !documentIsHTML; - } - while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { - results.push( elem ); - break; - } - } - if ( outermost ) { - dirruns = dirrunsUnique; - } - } - - // Track unmatched elements for set filters - if ( bySet ) { - - // They will have gone through all possible matchers - if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { - matchedCount--; - } - - // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not - if ( seed ) { - unmatched.push( elem ); - } - } - } - - // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` - // makes the latter nonnegative. - matchedCount += i; - - // Apply set filters to unmatched elements - // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` - // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have - // no element matchers and no seed. - // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that - // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also - // numerically zero. - if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { - matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); - } - - if ( seed ) { - - // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting - if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { - while ( i-- ) { - if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { - setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); - } - } - } - - // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches - setMatched = condense( setMatched ); - } - - // Add matches to results - push.apply( results, setMatched ); - - // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting - if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && - ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { - - Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); - } - } - - // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers - if ( outermost ) { - dirruns = dirrunsUnique; - outermostContext = contextBackup; - } - - return unmatched; - }; - - return bySet ? - markFunction( superMatcher ) : - superMatcher; -} - -compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { - var i, - setMatchers = [], - elementMatchers = [], - cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; - - if ( !cached ) { - - // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element - if ( !match ) { - match = tokenize( selector ); - } - i = match.length; - while ( i-- ) { - cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); - if ( cached[ expando ] ) { - setMatchers.push( cached ); - } else { - elementMatchers.push( cached ); - } - } - - // Cache the compiled function - cached = compilerCache( - selector, - matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) - ); - - // Save selector and tokenization - cached.selector = selector; - } - return cached; -}; - -/** - * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled - * selector functions - * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled - * selector function built with Sizzle.compile - * @param {Element} context - * @param {Array} [results] - * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against - */ -select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { - var i, tokens, token, type, find, - compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, - match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); - - results = results || []; - - // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed - // (the latter of which guarantees us context) - if ( match.length === 1 ) { - - // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID - tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); - if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && - context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { - - context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] - .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; - if ( !context ) { - return results; - - // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level - } else if ( compiled ) { - context = context.parentNode; - } - - selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); - } - - // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching - i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; - while ( i-- ) { - token = tokens[ i ]; - - // Abort if we hit a combinator - if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { - break; - } - if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { - - // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators - if ( ( seed = find( - token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), - rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || - context - ) ) ) { - - // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early - tokens.splice( i, 1 ); - selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); - if ( !selector ) { - push.apply( results, seed ); - return results; - } - - break; - } - } - } - } - - // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided - // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above - ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( - seed, - context, - !documentIsHTML, - results, - !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context - ); - return results; -}; - -// One-time assignments - -// Sort stability -support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; - -// Support: Chrome 14-35+ -// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function -support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; - -// Initialize against the default document -setDocument(); - -// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) -// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* -support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { - - // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) - return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; -} ); - -// Support: IE<8 -// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" -// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx -if ( !assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = ""; - return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; -} ) ) { - addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { - if ( !isXML ) { - return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); - } - } ); -} - -// Support: IE<9 -// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") -if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { - el.innerHTML = ""; - el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); - return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; -} ) ) { - addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { - if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { - return elem.defaultValue; - } - } ); -} - -// Support: IE<9 -// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies -if ( !assert( function( el ) { - return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; -} ) ) { - addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { - var val; - if ( !isXML ) { - return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : - ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? - val.value : - null; - } - } ); -} - -return Sizzle; - -} )( window ); - - - -jQuery.find = Sizzle; -jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; - -// Deprecated -jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; -jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; -jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; -jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; -jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; -jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; - - - - -var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { - var matched = [], - truncate = until !== undefined; - - while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { - break; - } - matched.push( elem ); - } - } - return matched; -}; - - -var siblings = function( n, elem ) { - var matched = []; - - for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { - if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { - matched.push( n ); - } - } - - return matched; -}; - - -var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; - - - -function nodeName( elem, name ) { - - return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); - -}; -var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); - - - -// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not -function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { - if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { - return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Single element - if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { - return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) - if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { - return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { - return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; - } ); - } - - // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors - return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); -} - -jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { - var elem = elems[ 0 ]; - - if ( not ) { - expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; - } - - if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; - } - - return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { - return elem.nodeType === 1; - } ) ); -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - find: function( selector ) { - var i, ret, - len = this.length, - self = this; - - if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { - return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { - for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { - if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } ) ); - } - - ret = this.pushStack( [] ); - - for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { - jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); - } - - return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; - }, - filter: function( selector ) { - return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); - }, - not: function( selector ) { - return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); - }, - is: function( selector ) { - return !!winnow( - this, - - // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set - // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". - typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? - jQuery( selector ) : - selector || [], - false - ).length; - } -} ); - - -// Initialize a jQuery object - - -// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) -var rootjQuery, - - // A simple way to check for HTML strings - // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) - // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) - // Shortcut simple #id case for speed - rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, - - init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { - var match, elem; - - // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) - if ( !selector ) { - return this; - } - - // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery - // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) - root = root || rootjQuery; - - // Handle HTML strings - if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { - if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && - selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && - selector.length >= 3 ) { - - // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check - match = [ null, selector, null ]; - - } else { - match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); - } - - // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id - if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { - - // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) - if ( match[ 1 ] ) { - context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; - - // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat - // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present - jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( - match[ 1 ], - context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, - true - ) ); - - // HANDLE: $(html, props) - if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { - for ( match in context ) { - - // Properties of context are called as methods if possible - if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { - this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); - - // ...and otherwise set as attributes - } else { - this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); - } - } - } - - return this; - - // HANDLE: $(#id) - } else { - elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); - - if ( elem ) { - - // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object - this[ 0 ] = elem; - this.length = 1; - } - return this; - } - - // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) - } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { - return ( context || root ).find( selector ); - - // HANDLE: $(expr, context) - // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) - } else { - return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); - } - - // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) - } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { - this[ 0 ] = selector; - this.length = 1; - return this; - - // HANDLE: $(function) - // Shortcut for document ready - } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { - return root.ready !== undefined ? - root.ready( selector ) : - - // Execute immediately if ready is not present - selector( jQuery ); - } - - return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); - }; - -// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation -init.prototype = jQuery.fn; - -// Initialize central reference -rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); - - -var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, - - // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set - guaranteedUnique = { - children: true, - contents: true, - next: true, - prev: true - }; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - has: function( target ) { - var targets = jQuery( target, this ), - l = targets.length; - - return this.filter( function() { - var i = 0; - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { - return true; - } - } - } ); - }, - - closest: function( selectors, context ) { - var cur, - i = 0, - l = this.length, - matched = [], - targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); - - // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context - if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { - - // Always skip document fragments - if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? - targets.index( cur ) > -1 : - - // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle - cur.nodeType === 1 && - jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { - - matched.push( cur ); - break; - } - } - } - } - - return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); - }, - - // Determine the position of an element within the set - index: function( elem ) { - - // No argument, return index in parent - if ( !elem ) { - return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; - } - - // Index in selector - if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { - return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); - } - - // Locate the position of the desired element - return indexOf.call( this, - - // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used - elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem - ); - }, - - add: function( selector, context ) { - return this.pushStack( - jQuery.uniqueSort( - jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) - ) - ); - }, - - addBack: function( selector ) { - return this.add( selector == null ? - this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) - ); - } -} ); - -function sibling( cur, dir ) { - while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} - return cur; -} - -jQuery.each( { - parent: function( elem ) { - var parent = elem.parentNode; - return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; - }, - parents: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); - }, - parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); - }, - next: function( elem ) { - return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); - }, - prev: function( elem ) { - return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); - }, - nextAll: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); - }, - prevAll: function( elem ) { - return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); - }, - nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); - }, - prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { - return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); - }, - siblings: function( elem ) { - return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); - }, - children: function( elem ) { - return siblings( elem.firstChild ); - }, - contents: function( elem ) { - if ( elem.contentDocument != null && - - // Support: IE 11+ - // elements with no `data` attribute has an object - // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. - getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { - - return elem.contentDocument; - } - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only - // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that - // don't support it. - if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { - elem = elem.content || elem; - } - - return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); - } -}, function( name, fn ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { - var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); - - if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { - selector = until; - } - - if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { - matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); - } - - if ( this.length > 1 ) { - - // Remove duplicates - if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { - jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); - } - - // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives - if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { - matched.reverse(); - } - } - - return this.pushStack( matched ); - }; -} ); -var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); - - - -// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones -function createOptions( options ) { - var object = {}; - jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { - object[ flag ] = true; - } ); - return object; -} - -/* - * Create a callback list using the following parameters: - * - * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how - * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object - * - * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be - * "fired" multiple times. - * - * Possible options: - * - * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) - * - * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added - * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" - * values (like a Deferred) - * - * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) - * - * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false - * - */ -jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { - - // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed - // (we check in cache first) - options = typeof options === "string" ? - createOptions( options ) : - jQuery.extend( {}, options ); - - var // Flag to know if list is currently firing - firing, - - // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists - memory, - - // Flag to know if list was already fired - fired, - - // Flag to prevent firing - locked, - - // Actual callback list - list = [], - - // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists - queue = [], - - // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) - firingIndex = -1, - - // Fire callbacks - fire = function() { - - // Enforce single-firing - locked = locked || options.once; - - // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, - // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes - fired = firing = true; - for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { - memory = queue.shift(); - while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { - - // Run callback and check for early termination - if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && - options.stopOnFalse ) { - - // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire - firingIndex = list.length; - memory = false; - } - } - } - - // Forget the data if we're done with it - if ( !options.memory ) { - memory = false; - } - - firing = false; - - // Clean up if we're done firing for good - if ( locked ) { - - // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls - if ( memory ) { - list = []; - - // Otherwise, this object is spent - } else { - list = ""; - } - } - }, - - // Actual Callbacks object - self = { - - // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list - add: function() { - if ( list ) { - - // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding - if ( memory && !firing ) { - firingIndex = list.length - 1; - queue.push( memory ); - } - - ( function add( args ) { - jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { - if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { - if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { - list.push( arg ); - } - } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { - - // Inspect recursively - add( arg ); - } - } ); - } )( arguments ); - - if ( memory && !firing ) { - fire(); - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Remove a callback from the list - remove: function() { - jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { - var index; - while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { - list.splice( index, 1 ); - - // Handle firing indexes - if ( index <= firingIndex ) { - firingIndex--; - } - } - } ); - return this; - }, - - // Check if a given callback is in the list. - // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. - has: function( fn ) { - return fn ? - jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : - list.length > 0; - }, - - // Remove all callbacks from the list - empty: function() { - if ( list ) { - list = []; - } - return this; - }, - - // Disable .fire and .add - // Abort any current/pending executions - // Clear all callbacks and values - disable: function() { - locked = queue = []; - list = memory = ""; - return this; - }, - disabled: function() { - return !list; - }, - - // Disable .fire - // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) - // Abort any pending executions - lock: function() { - locked = queue = []; - if ( !memory && !firing ) { - list = memory = ""; - } - return this; - }, - locked: function() { - return !!locked; - }, - - // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments - fireWith: function( context, args ) { - if ( !locked ) { - args = args || []; - args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; - queue.push( args ); - if ( !firing ) { - fire(); - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments - fire: function() { - self.fireWith( this, arguments ); - return this; - }, - - // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once - fired: function() { - return !!fired; - } - }; - - return self; -}; - - -function Identity( v ) { - return v; -} -function Thrower( ex ) { - throw ex; -} - -function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { - var method; - - try { - - // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior - if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { - method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); - - // Other thenables - } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { - method.call( value, resolve, reject ); - - // Other non-thenables - } else { - - // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: - // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) - // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() - resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); - } - - // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections - // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in - // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. - } catch ( value ) { - - // Support: Android 4.0 only - // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context - reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); - } -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - Deferred: function( func ) { - var tuples = [ - - // action, add listener, callbacks, - // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] - [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], - [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], - [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] - ], - state = "pending", - promise = { - state: function() { - return state; - }, - always: function() { - deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); - return this; - }, - "catch": function( fn ) { - return promise.then( null, fn ); - }, - - // Keep pipe for back-compat - pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { - var fns = arguments; - - return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { - jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { - - // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) - var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; - - // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) - // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) - // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) - deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { - var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); - if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { - returned.promise() - .progress( newDefer.notify ) - .done( newDefer.resolve ) - .fail( newDefer.reject ); - } else { - newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( - this, - fn ? [ returned ] : arguments - ); - } - } ); - } ); - fns = null; - } ).promise(); - }, - then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { - var maxDepth = 0; - function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { - return function() { - var that = this, - args = arguments, - mightThrow = function() { - var returned, then; - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 - // Ignore double-resolution attempts - if ( depth < maxDepth ) { - return; - } - - returned = handler.apply( that, args ); - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 - if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { - throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); - } - - // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 - // Retrieve `then` only once - then = returned && - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 - // Only check objects and functions for thenability - ( typeof returned === "object" || - typeof returned === "function" ) && - returned.then; - - // Handle a returned thenable - if ( isFunction( then ) ) { - - // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution - if ( special ) { - then.call( - returned, - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) - ); - - // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress - } else { - - // ...and disregard older resolution values - maxDepth++; - - then.call( - returned, - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), - resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, - deferred.notifyWith ) - ); - } - - // Handle all other returned values - } else { - - // Only substitute handlers pass on context - // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) - if ( handler !== Identity ) { - that = undefined; - args = [ returned ]; - } - - // Process the value(s) - // Default process is resolve - ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); - } - }, - - // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions - process = special ? - mightThrow : - function() { - try { - mightThrow(); - } catch ( e ) { - - if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { - jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, - process.stackTrace ); - } - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 - // Ignore post-resolution exceptions - if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { - - // Only substitute handlers pass on context - // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) - if ( handler !== Thrower ) { - that = undefined; - args = [ e ]; - } - - deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); - } - } - }; - - // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 - // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 - // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from - // subsequent errors - if ( depth ) { - process(); - } else { - - // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception - // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async - if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { - process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); - } - window.setTimeout( process ); - } - }; - } - - return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { - - // progress_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onProgress ) ? - onProgress : - Identity, - newDefer.notifyWith - ) - ); - - // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? - onFulfilled : - Identity - ) - ); - - // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) - tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( - resolve( - 0, - newDefer, - isFunction( onRejected ) ? - onRejected : - Thrower - ) - ); - } ).promise(); - }, - - // Get a promise for this deferred - // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object - promise: function( obj ) { - return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; - } - }, - deferred = {}; - - // Add list-specific methods - jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { - var list = tuple[ 2 ], - stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; - - // promise.progress = list.add - // promise.done = list.add - // promise.fail = list.add - promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; - - // Handle state - if ( stateString ) { - list.add( - function() { - - // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) - // state = "rejected" - state = stateString; - }, - - // rejected_callbacks.disable - // fulfilled_callbacks.disable - tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, - - // rejected_handlers.disable - // fulfilled_handlers.disable - tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, - - // progress_callbacks.lock - tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, - - // progress_handlers.lock - tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock - ); - } - - // progress_handlers.fire - // fulfilled_handlers.fire - // rejected_handlers.fire - list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); - - // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } - // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } - // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); - return this; - }; - - // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith - // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith - // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith - deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; - } ); - - // Make the deferred a promise - promise.promise( deferred ); - - // Call given func if any - if ( func ) { - func.call( deferred, deferred ); - } - - // All done! - return deferred; - }, - - // Deferred helper - when: function( singleValue ) { - var - - // count of uncompleted subordinates - remaining = arguments.length, - - // count of unprocessed arguments - i = remaining, - - // subordinate fulfillment data - resolveContexts = Array( i ), - resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), - - // the master Deferred - master = jQuery.Deferred(), - - // subordinate callback factory - updateFunc = function( i ) { - return function( value ) { - resolveContexts[ i ] = this; - resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; - if ( !( --remaining ) ) { - master.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); - } - }; - }; - - // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve - if ( remaining <= 1 ) { - adoptValue( singleValue, master.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, master.reject, - !remaining ); - - // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) - if ( master.state() === "pending" || - isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { - - return master.then(); - } - } - - // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements - while ( i-- ) { - adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), master.reject ); - } - - return master.promise(); - } -} ); - - -// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, -// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. -var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; - -jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { - - // Support: IE 8 - 9 only - // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time - if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { - window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); - } -}; - - - - -jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { - window.setTimeout( function() { - throw error; - } ); -}; - - - - -// The deferred used on DOM ready -var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); - -jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { - - readyList - .then( fn ) - - // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup - // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback - // registration. - .catch( function( error ) { - jQuery.readyException( error ); - } ); - - return this; -}; - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. - isReady: false, - - // A counter to track how many items to wait for before - // the ready event fires. See #6781 - readyWait: 1, - - // Handle when the DOM is ready - ready: function( wait ) { - - // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready - if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { - return; - } - - // Remember that the DOM is ready - jQuery.isReady = true; - - // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be - if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { - return; - } - - // If there are functions bound, to execute - readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; - -// The ready event handler and self cleanup method -function completed() { - document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); - window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); - jQuery.ready(); -} - -// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called -// after the browser event has already occurred. -// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only -// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon -if ( document.readyState === "complete" || - ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { - - // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready - window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); - -} else { - - // Use the handy event callback - document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); - - // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work - window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); -} - - - - -// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection -// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function -var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { - var i = 0, - len = elems.length, - bulk = key == null; - - // Sets many values - if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { - chainable = true; - for ( i in key ) { - access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); - } - - // Sets one value - } else if ( value !== undefined ) { - chainable = true; - - if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { - raw = true; - } - - if ( bulk ) { - - // Bulk operations run against the entire set - if ( raw ) { - fn.call( elems, value ); - fn = null; - - // ...except when executing function values - } else { - bulk = fn; - fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { - return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); - }; - } - } - - if ( fn ) { - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - fn( - elems[ i ], key, raw ? - value : - value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) - ); - } - } - } - - if ( chainable ) { - return elems; - } - - // Gets - if ( bulk ) { - return fn.call( elems ); - } - - return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; -}; - - -// Matches dashed string for camelizing -var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, - rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; - -// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() -function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { - return letter.toUpperCase(); -} - -// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules -// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 -// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) -function camelCase( string ) { - return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); -} -var acceptData = function( owner ) { - - // Accepts only: - // - Node - // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE - // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE - // - Object - // - Any - return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); -}; - - - - -function Data() { - this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; -} - -Data.uid = 1; - -Data.prototype = { - - cache: function( owner ) { - - // Check if the owner object already has a cache - var value = owner[ this.expando ]; - - // If not, create one - if ( !value ) { - value = {}; - - // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, - // but we should not, see #8335. - // Always return an empty object. - if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { - - // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over - // use plain assignment - if ( owner.nodeType ) { - owner[ this.expando ] = value; - - // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property - // configurable must be true to allow the property to be - // deleted when data is removed - } else { - Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { - value: value, - configurable: true - } ); - } - } - } - - return value; - }, - set: function( owner, data, value ) { - var prop, - cache = this.cache( owner ); - - // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args - // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) - if ( typeof data === "string" ) { - cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; - - // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args - } else { - - // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object - for ( prop in data ) { - cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; - } - } - return cache; - }, - get: function( owner, key ) { - return key === undefined ? - this.cache( owner ) : - - // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) - owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; - }, - access: function( owner, key, value ) { - - // In cases where either: - // - // 1. No key was specified - // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided - // - // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine - // which value to return, respectively either: - // - // 1. The entire cache object - // 2. The data stored at the key - // - if ( key === undefined || - ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { - - return this.get( owner, key ); - } - - // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value - // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: - // - // 1. An object of properties - // 2. A key and value - // - this.set( owner, key, value ); - - // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points - // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] - return value !== undefined ? value : key; - }, - remove: function( owner, key ) { - var i, - cache = owner[ this.expando ]; - - if ( cache === undefined ) { - return; - } - - if ( key !== undefined ) { - - // Support array or space separated string of keys - if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { - - // If key is an array of keys... - // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. - key = key.map( camelCase ); - } else { - key = camelCase( key ); - - // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. - // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace - key = key in cache ? - [ key ] : - ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); - } - - i = key.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; - } - } - - // Remove the expando if there's no more data - if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 - // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties - // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead - // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) - if ( owner.nodeType ) { - owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; - } else { - delete owner[ this.expando ]; - } - } - }, - hasData: function( owner ) { - var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; - return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); - } -}; -var dataPriv = new Data(); - -var dataUser = new Data(); - - - -// Implementation Summary -// -// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch -// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage -// paths to a single mechanism. -// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. -// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) -// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) -// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 - -var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, - rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; - -function getData( data ) { - if ( data === "true" ) { - return true; - } - - if ( data === "false" ) { - return false; - } - - if ( data === "null" ) { - return null; - } - - // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string - if ( data === +data + "" ) { - return +data; - } - - if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { - return JSON.parse( data ); - } - - return data; -} - -function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { - var name; - - // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any - // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute - if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); - data = elem.getAttribute( name ); - - if ( typeof data === "string" ) { - try { - data = getData( data ); - } catch ( e ) {} - - // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later - dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); - } else { - data = undefined; - } - } - return data; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - hasData: function( elem ) { - return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); - }, - - data: function( elem, name, data ) { - return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); - }, - - removeData: function( elem, name ) { - dataUser.remove( elem, name ); - }, - - // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced - // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. - _data: function( elem, name, data ) { - return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); - }, - - _removeData: function( elem, name ) { - dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - data: function( key, value ) { - var i, name, data, - elem = this[ 0 ], - attrs = elem && elem.attributes; - - // Gets all values - if ( key === undefined ) { - if ( this.length ) { - data = dataUser.get( elem ); - - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { - i = attrs.length; - while ( i-- ) { - - // Support: IE 11 only - // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) - if ( attrs[ i ] ) { - name = attrs[ i ].name; - if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { - name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); - dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); - } - } - } - dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); - } - } - - return data; - } - - // Sets multiple values - if ( typeof key === "object" ) { - return this.each( function() { - dataUser.set( this, key ); - } ); - } - - return access( this, function( value ) { - var data; - - // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty - // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the - // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object - // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will - // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. - if ( elem && value === undefined ) { - - // Attempt to get data from the cache - // The key will always be camelCased in Data - data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); - if ( data !== undefined ) { - return data; - } - - // Attempt to "discover" the data in - // HTML5 custom data-* attrs - data = dataAttr( elem, key ); - if ( data !== undefined ) { - return data; - } - - // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. - return; - } - - // Set the data... - this.each( function() { - - // We always store the camelCased key - dataUser.set( this, key, value ); - } ); - }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); - }, - - removeData: function( key ) { - return this.each( function() { - dataUser.remove( this, key ); - } ); - } -} ); - - -jQuery.extend( { - queue: function( elem, type, data ) { - var queue; - - if ( elem ) { - type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; - queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); - - // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup - if ( data ) { - if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { - queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); - } else { - queue.push( data ); - } - } - return queue || []; - } - }, - - dequeue: function( elem, type ) { - type = type || "fx"; - - var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), - startLength = queue.length, - fn = queue.shift(), - hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), - next = function() { - jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); - }; - - // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel - if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { - fn = queue.shift(); - startLength--; - } - - if ( fn ) { - - // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being - // automatically dequeued - if ( type === "fx" ) { - queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); - } - - // Clear up the last queue stop function - delete hooks.stop; - fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); - } - - if ( !startLength && hooks ) { - hooks.empty.fire(); - } - }, - - // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one - _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { - var key = type + "queueHooks"; - return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { - empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { - dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); - } ) - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - queue: function( type, data ) { - var setter = 2; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - data = type; - type = "fx"; - setter--; - } - - if ( arguments.length < setter ) { - return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); - } - - return data === undefined ? - this : - this.each( function() { - var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); - - // Ensure a hooks for this queue - jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); - - if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } - } ); - }, - dequeue: function( type ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } ); - }, - clearQueue: function( type ) { - return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); - }, - - // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type - // are emptied (fx is the type by default) - promise: function( type, obj ) { - var tmp, - count = 1, - defer = jQuery.Deferred(), - elements = this, - i = this.length, - resolve = function() { - if ( !( --count ) ) { - defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); - } - }; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - obj = type; - type = undefined; - } - type = type || "fx"; - - while ( i-- ) { - tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); - if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { - count++; - tmp.empty.add( resolve ); - } - } - resolve(); - return defer.promise( obj ); - } -} ); -var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; - -var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); - - -var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; - -var documentElement = document.documentElement; - - - - var isAttached = function( elem ) { - return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); - }, - composed = { composed: true }; - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only - // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) - // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only - // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, - // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. - if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { - isAttached = function( elem ) { - return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || - elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; - }; - } -var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { - - // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; - // in that case, element will be second argument - elem = el || elem; - - // Inline style trumps all - return elem.style.display === "none" || - elem.style.display === "" && - - // Otherwise, check computed style - // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 - // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is - // in the document. - isAttached( elem ) && - - jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; - }; - - - -function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { - var adjusted, scale, - maxIterations = 20, - currentValue = tween ? - function() { - return tween.cur(); - } : - function() { - return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); - }, - initial = currentValue(), - unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), - - // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches - initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && - ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && - rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); - - if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { - - // Support: Firefox <=54 - // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) - initial = initial / 2; - - // Trust units reported by jQuery.css - unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; - - // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point - initialInUnit = +initial || 1; - - while ( maxIterations-- ) { - - // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). - // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). - jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); - if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { - maxIterations = 0; - } - initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; - - } - - initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; - jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); - - // Make sure we update the tween properties later on - valueParts = valueParts || []; - } - - if ( valueParts ) { - initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; - - // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified - adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? - initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : - +valueParts[ 2 ]; - if ( tween ) { - tween.unit = unit; - tween.start = initialInUnit; - tween.end = adjusted; - } - } - return adjusted; -} - - -var defaultDisplayMap = {}; - -function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { - var temp, - doc = elem.ownerDocument, - nodeName = elem.nodeName, - display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; - - if ( display ) { - return display; - } - - temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); - display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); - - temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); - - if ( display === "none" ) { - display = "block"; - } - defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; - - return display; -} - -function showHide( elements, show ) { - var display, elem, - values = [], - index = 0, - length = elements.length; - - // Determine new display value for elements that need to change - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - elem = elements[ index ]; - if ( !elem.style ) { - continue; - } - - display = elem.style.display; - if ( show ) { - - // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) - // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either - // inline or about-to-be-restored) - if ( display === "none" ) { - values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; - if ( !values[ index ] ) { - elem.style.display = ""; - } - } - if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { - values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); - } - } else { - if ( display !== "none" ) { - values[ index ] = "none"; - - // Remember what we're overwriting - dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); - } - } - } - - // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow - for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( values[ index ] != null ) { - elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; - } - } - - return elements; -} - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - show: function() { - return showHide( this, true ); - }, - hide: function() { - return showHide( this ); - }, - toggle: function( state ) { - if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { - return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); - } - - return this.each( function() { - if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { - jQuery( this ).show(); - } else { - jQuery( this ).hide(); - } - } ); - } -} ); -var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); - -var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); - -var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); - - - -( function() { - var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), - div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only - // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) - // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) - // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) - input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); - input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); - input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); - - div.appendChild( input ); - - // Support: Android <=4.1 only - // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments - support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned - div.innerHTML = ""; - support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE <=9 replaces "; - support.option = !!div.lastChild; -} )(); - - -// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) -var wrapMap = { - - // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the - // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten - // this by omitting or other required elements. - thead: [ 1, "", "
" ], - col: [ 2, "", "
" ], - tr: [ 2, "", "
" ], - td: [ 3, "", "
" ], - - _default: [ 0, "", "" ] -}; - -wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; -wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; - -// Support: IE <=9 only -if ( !support.option ) { - wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; -} - - -function getAll( context, tag ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) - var ret; - - if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { - ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); - - } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { - ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); - - } else { - ret = []; - } - - if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { - return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); - } - - return ret; -} - - -// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated -function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { - var i = 0, - l = elems.length; - - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - dataPriv.set( - elems[ i ], - "globalEval", - !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) - ); - } -} - - -var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; - -function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { - var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, - fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), - nodes = [], - i = 0, - l = elems.length; - - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - elem = elems[ i ]; - - if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { - - // Add nodes directly - if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); - - // Convert non-html into a text node - } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { - nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); - - // Convert html into DOM nodes - } else { - tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); - - // Deserialize a standard representation - tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); - wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; - tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; - - // Descend through wrappers to the right content - j = wrap[ 0 ]; - while ( j-- ) { - tmp = tmp.lastChild; - } - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); - - // Remember the top-level container - tmp = fragment.firstChild; - - // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) - tmp.textContent = ""; - } - } - } - - // Remove wrapper from fragment - fragment.textContent = ""; - - i = 0; - while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) - if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { - if ( ignored ) { - ignored.push( elem ); - } - continue; - } - - attached = isAttached( elem ); - - // Append to fragment - tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); - - // Preserve script evaluation history - if ( attached ) { - setGlobalEval( tmp ); - } - - // Capture executables - if ( scripts ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { - scripts.push( elem ); - } - } - } - } - - return fragment; -} - - -var - rkeyEvent = /^key/, - rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu|drag|drop)|click/, - rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; - -function returnTrue() { - return true; -} - -function returnFalse() { - return false; -} - -// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ -// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. -// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, -// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. -// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, -// this just defines when we can count on it). -function expectSync( elem, type ) { - return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); -} - -// Support: IE <=9 only -// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly -// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 -function safeActiveElement() { - try { - return document.activeElement; - } catch ( err ) { } -} - -function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { - var origFn, type; - - // Types can be a map of types/handlers - if ( typeof types === "object" ) { - - // ( types-Object, selector, data ) - if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { - - // ( types-Object, data ) - data = data || selector; - selector = undefined; - } - for ( type in types ) { - on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); - } - return elem; - } - - if ( data == null && fn == null ) { - - // ( types, fn ) - fn = selector; - data = selector = undefined; - } else if ( fn == null ) { - if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { - - // ( types, selector, fn ) - fn = data; - data = undefined; - } else { - - // ( types, data, fn ) - fn = data; - data = selector; - selector = undefined; - } - } - if ( fn === false ) { - fn = returnFalse; - } else if ( !fn ) { - return elem; - } - - if ( one === 1 ) { - origFn = fn; - fn = function( event ) { - - // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info - jQuery().off( event ); - return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); - }; - - // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn - fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); - } - return elem.each( function() { - jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); - } ); -} - -/* - * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. - * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. - */ -jQuery.event = { - - global: {}, - - add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { - - var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, - events, t, handleObj, - special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, - elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); - - // Only attach events to objects that accept data - if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { - return; - } - - // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler - if ( handler.handler ) { - handleObjIn = handler; - handler = handleObjIn.handler; - selector = handleObjIn.selector; - } - - // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time - // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) - if ( selector ) { - jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); - } - - // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later - if ( !handler.guid ) { - handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; - } - - // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first - if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { - events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); - } - if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { - eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { - - // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and - // when an event is called after a page has unloaded - return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? - jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; - }; - } - - // Handle multiple events separated by a space - types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - t = types.length; - while ( t-- ) { - tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; - type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; - namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); - - // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers - if ( !type ) { - continue; - } - - // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - - // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type - type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; - - // Update special based on newly reset type - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - - // handleObj is passed to all event handlers - handleObj = jQuery.extend( { - type: type, - origType: origType, - data: data, - handler: handler, - guid: handler.guid, - selector: selector, - needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), - namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) - }, handleObjIn ); - - // Init the event handler queue if we're the first - if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { - handlers = events[ type ] = []; - handlers.delegateCount = 0; - - // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false - if ( !special.setup || - special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { - - if ( elem.addEventListener ) { - elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); - } - } - } - - if ( special.add ) { - special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); - - if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { - handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; - } - } - - // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front - if ( selector ) { - handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); - } else { - handlers.push( handleObj ); - } - - // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization - jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; - } - - }, - - // Detach an event or set of events from an element - remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { - - var j, origCount, tmp, - events, t, handleObj, - special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, - elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); - - if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { - return; - } - - // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted - types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - t = types.length; - while ( t-- ) { - tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; - type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; - namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); - - // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element - if ( !type ) { - for ( type in events ) { - jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); - } - continue; - } - - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; - handlers = events[ type ] || []; - tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && - new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); - - // Remove matching events - origCount = j = handlers.length; - while ( j-- ) { - handleObj = handlers[ j ]; - - if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && - ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && - ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && - ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || - selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { - handlers.splice( j, 1 ); - - if ( handleObj.selector ) { - handlers.delegateCount--; - } - if ( special.remove ) { - special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); - } - } - } - - // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist - // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) - if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { - if ( !special.teardown || - special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { - - jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); - } - - delete events[ type ]; - } - } - - // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used - if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { - dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); - } - }, - - dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { - - var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, - args = new Array( arguments.length ), - - // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object - event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), - - handlers = ( - dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) - )[ event.type ] || [], - special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; - - // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event - args[ 0 ] = event; - - for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { - args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; - } - - event.delegateTarget = this; - - // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired - if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { - return; - } - - // Determine handlers - handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); - - // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us - i = 0; - while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - event.currentTarget = matched.elem; - - j = 0; - while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && - !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { - - // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is - // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. - if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || - event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { - - event.handleObj = handleObj; - event.data = handleObj.data; - - ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || - handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); - - if ( ret !== undefined ) { - if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { - event.preventDefault(); - event.stopPropagation(); - } - } - } - } - } - - // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type - if ( special.postDispatch ) { - special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); - } - - return event.result; - }, - - handlers: function( event, handlers ) { - var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, - handlerQueue = [], - delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, - cur = event.target; - - // Find delegate handlers - if ( delegateCount && - - // Support: IE <=9 - // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) - cur.nodeType && - - // Support: Firefox <=42 - // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) - // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click - // Support: IE 11 only - // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) - !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { - - for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { - - // Don't check non-elements (#13208) - // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) - if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { - matchedHandlers = []; - matchedSelectors = {}; - for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { - handleObj = handlers[ i ]; - - // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) - sel = handleObj.selector + " "; - - if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { - matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? - jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : - jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; - } - if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { - matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); - } - } - if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { - handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); - } - } - } - } - - // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers - cur = this; - if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { - handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); - } - - return handlerQueue; - }, - - addProp: function( name, hook ) { - Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { - enumerable: true, - configurable: true, - - get: isFunction( hook ) ? - function() { - if ( this.originalEvent ) { - return hook( this.originalEvent ); - } - } : - function() { - if ( this.originalEvent ) { - return this.originalEvent[ name ]; - } - }, - - set: function( value ) { - Object.defineProperty( this, name, { - enumerable: true, - configurable: true, - writable: true, - value: value - } ); - } - } ); - }, - - fix: function( originalEvent ) { - return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? - originalEvent : - new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); - }, - - special: { - load: { - - // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load - noBubble: true - }, - click: { - - // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs - setup: function( data ) { - - // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. - // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. - var el = this || data; - - // Claim the first handler - if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && - el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { - - // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) - leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); - } - - // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller - return false; - }, - trigger: function( data ) { - - // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. - // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. - var el = this || data; - - // Force setup before triggering a click - if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && - el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { - - leverageNative( el, "click" ); - } - - // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation - return true; - }, - - // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links - // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack - _default: function( event ) { - var target = event.target; - return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && - target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && - dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || - nodeName( target, "a" ); - } - }, - - beforeunload: { - postDispatch: function( event ) { - - // Support: Firefox 20+ - // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. - if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { - event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; - } - } - } - } -}; - -// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered -// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to -// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have -// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. -function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { - - // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add - if ( !expectSync ) { - if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { - jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); - } - return; - } - - // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces - dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); - jQuery.event.add( el, type, { - namespace: false, - handler: function( event ) { - var notAsync, result, - saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); - - if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { - - // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event - // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object - // from an async native handler (gh-4350) - if ( !saved.length ) { - - // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event - // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array - // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. - saved = slice.call( arguments ); - dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); - - // Trigger the native event and capture its result - // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ - // focus() and blur() are asynchronous - notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); - this[ type ](); - result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); - if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { - dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); - } else { - result = {}; - } - if ( saved !== result ) { - - // Cancel the outer synthetic event - event.stopImmediatePropagation(); - event.preventDefault(); - return result.value; - } - - // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate - // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the - // native event and prevent that from happening again here. - // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the - // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems - // less bad than duplication. - } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { - event.stopPropagation(); - } - - // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order - // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments - } else if ( saved.length ) { - - // ...and capture the result - dataPriv.set( this, type, { - value: jQuery.event.trigger( - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ - // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() - jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), - saved.slice( 1 ), - this - ) - } ); - - // Abort handling of the native event - event.stopImmediatePropagation(); - } - } - } ); -} - -jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { - - // This "if" is needed for plain objects - if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { - elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); - } -}; - -jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { - - // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword - if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { - return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); - } - - // Event object - if ( src && src.type ) { - this.originalEvent = src; - this.type = src.type; - - // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented - // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. - this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || - src.defaultPrevented === undefined && - - // Support: Android <=2.3 only - src.returnValue === false ? - returnTrue : - returnFalse; - - // Create target properties - // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only - // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) - this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? - src.target.parentNode : - src.target; - - this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; - this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; - - // Event type - } else { - this.type = src; - } - - // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object - if ( props ) { - jQuery.extend( this, props ); - } - - // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one - this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); - - // Mark it as fixed - this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; -}; - -// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding -// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html -jQuery.Event.prototype = { - constructor: jQuery.Event, - isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, - isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, - isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, - isSimulated: false, - - preventDefault: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.preventDefault(); - } - }, - stopPropagation: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.stopPropagation(); - } - }, - stopImmediatePropagation: function() { - var e = this.originalEvent; - - this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; - - if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { - e.stopImmediatePropagation(); - } - - this.stopPropagation(); - } -}; - -// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props -jQuery.each( { - altKey: true, - bubbles: true, - cancelable: true, - changedTouches: true, - ctrlKey: true, - detail: true, - eventPhase: true, - metaKey: true, - pageX: true, - pageY: true, - shiftKey: true, - view: true, - "char": true, - code: true, - charCode: true, - key: true, - keyCode: true, - button: true, - buttons: true, - clientX: true, - clientY: true, - offsetX: true, - offsetY: true, - pointerId: true, - pointerType: true, - screenX: true, - screenY: true, - targetTouches: true, - toElement: true, - touches: true, - - which: function( event ) { - var button = event.button; - - // Add which for key events - if ( event.which == null && rkeyEvent.test( event.type ) ) { - return event.charCode != null ? event.charCode : event.keyCode; - } - - // Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right - if ( !event.which && button !== undefined && rmouseEvent.test( event.type ) ) { - if ( button & 1 ) { - return 1; - } - - if ( button & 2 ) { - return 3; - } - - if ( button & 4 ) { - return 2; - } - - return 0; - } - - return event.which; - } -}, jQuery.event.addProp ); - -jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { - jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { - - // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct - setup: function() { - - // Claim the first handler - // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) - // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) - leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); - - // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller - return false; - }, - trigger: function() { - - // Force setup before trigger - leverageNative( this, type ); - - // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation - return true; - }, - - delegateType: delegateType - }; -} ); - -// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks -// so that event delegation works in jQuery. -// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout -// -// Support: Safari 7 only -// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: -// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 -// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). -jQuery.each( { - mouseenter: "mouseover", - mouseleave: "mouseout", - pointerenter: "pointerover", - pointerleave: "pointerout" -}, function( orig, fix ) { - jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { - delegateType: fix, - bindType: fix, - - handle: function( event ) { - var ret, - target = this, - related = event.relatedTarget, - handleObj = event.handleObj; - - // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. - // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window - if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { - event.type = handleObj.origType; - ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); - event.type = fix; - } - return ret; - } - }; -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - - on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { - return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); - }, - one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { - return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); - }, - off: function( types, selector, fn ) { - var handleObj, type; - if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { - - // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event - handleObj = types.handleObj; - jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( - handleObj.namespace ? - handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : - handleObj.origType, - handleObj.selector, - handleObj.handler - ); - return this; - } - if ( typeof types === "object" ) { - - // ( types-object [, selector] ) - for ( type in types ) { - this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); - } - return this; - } - if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { - - // ( types [, fn] ) - fn = selector; - selector = undefined; - } - if ( fn === false ) { - fn = returnFalse; - } - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); - } ); - } -} ); - - -var - - // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only - // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. - // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ - rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; - -// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows -function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { - if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && - nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { - - return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; - } - - return elem; -} - -// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation -function disableScript( elem ) { - elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; - return elem; -} -function restoreScript( elem ) { - if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { - elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); - } else { - elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); - } - - return elem; -} - -function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { - var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; - - if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { - return; - } - - // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. - if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { - pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); - events = pdataOld.events; - - if ( events ) { - dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); - - for ( type in events ) { - for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { - jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); - } - } - } - } - - // 2. Copy user data - if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { - udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); - udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); - - dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); - } -} - -// Fix IE bugs, see support tests -function fixInput( src, dest ) { - var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); - - // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. - if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { - dest.checked = src.checked; - - // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options - } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { - dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; - } -} - -function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { - - // Flatten any nested arrays - args = flat( args ); - - var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, - i = 0, - l = collection.length, - iNoClone = l - 1, - value = args[ 0 ], - valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); - - // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit - if ( valueIsFunction || - ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && - !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { - return collection.each( function( index ) { - var self = collection.eq( index ); - if ( valueIsFunction ) { - args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); - } - domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); - } ); - } - - if ( l ) { - fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); - first = fragment.firstChild; - - if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { - fragment = first; - } - - // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback - if ( first || ignored ) { - scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); - hasScripts = scripts.length; - - // Use the original fragment for the last item - // instead of the first because it can end up - // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - node = fragment; - - if ( i !== iNoClone ) { - node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); - - // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration - if ( hasScripts ) { - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); - } - } - - callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); - } - - if ( hasScripts ) { - doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; - - // Reenable scripts - jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); - - // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion - for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { - node = scripts[ i ]; - if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && - !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && - jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { - - if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { - - // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present - if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { - jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { - nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) - }, doc ); - } - } else { - DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); - } - } - } - } - } - } - - return collection; -} - -function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { - var node, - nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); - } - - if ( node.parentNode ) { - if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { - setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); - } - node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); - } - } - - return elem; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { - return html; - }, - - clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { - var i, l, srcElements, destElements, - clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), - inPage = isAttached( elem ); - - // Fix IE cloning issues - if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && - !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - - // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 - destElements = getAll( clone ); - srcElements = getAll( elem ); - - for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { - fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); - } - } - - // Copy the events from the original to the clone - if ( dataAndEvents ) { - if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { - srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); - destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); - - for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { - cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); - } - } else { - cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); - } - } - - // Preserve script evaluation history - destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); - if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { - setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); - } - - // Return the cloned set - return clone; - }, - - cleanData: function( elems ) { - var data, elem, type, - special = jQuery.event.special, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { - if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { - if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { - if ( data.events ) { - for ( type in data.events ) { - if ( special[ type ] ) { - jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); - - // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead - } else { - jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); - } - } - } - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ - // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove - elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; - } - if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { - - // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ - // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove - elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; - } - } - } - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - detach: function( selector ) { - return remove( this, selector, true ); - }, - - remove: function( selector ) { - return remove( this, selector ); - }, - - text: function( value ) { - return access( this, function( value ) { - return value === undefined ? - jQuery.text( this ) : - this.empty().each( function() { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - this.textContent = value; - } - } ); - }, null, value, arguments.length ); - }, - - append: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); - target.appendChild( elem ); - } - } ); - }, - - prepend: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { - var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); - target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); - } - } ); - }, - - before: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.parentNode ) { - this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); - } - } ); - }, - - after: function() { - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - if ( this.parentNode ) { - this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); - } - } ); - }, - - empty: function() { - var elem, - i = 0; - - for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - - // Prevent memory leaks - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); - - // Remove any remaining nodes - elem.textContent = ""; - } - } - - return this; - }, - - clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { - dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; - deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; - - return this.map( function() { - return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); - } ); - }, - - html: function( value ) { - return access( this, function( value ) { - var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, - i = 0, - l = this.length; - - if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - return elem.innerHTML; - } - - // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML - if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && - !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { - - value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); - - try { - for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { - elem = this[ i ] || {}; - - // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); - elem.innerHTML = value; - } - } - - elem = 0; - - // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method - } catch ( e ) {} - } - - if ( elem ) { - this.empty().append( value ); - } - }, null, value, arguments.length ); - }, - - replaceWith: function() { - var ignored = []; - - // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content - return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { - var parent = this.parentNode; - - if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { - jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); - if ( parent ) { - parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); - } - } - - // Force callback invocation - }, ignored ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( { - appendTo: "append", - prependTo: "prepend", - insertBefore: "before", - insertAfter: "after", - replaceAll: "replaceWith" -}, function( name, original ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { - var elems, - ret = [], - insert = jQuery( selector ), - last = insert.length - 1, - i = 0; - - for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { - elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); - jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); - - // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only - // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit - push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); - } - - return this.pushStack( ret ); - }; -} ); -var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); - -var getStyles = function( elem ) { - - // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) - // IE throws on elements created in popups - // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" - var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; - - if ( !view || !view.opener ) { - view = window; - } - - return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); - }; - -var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { - var ret, name, - old = {}; - - // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones - for ( name in options ) { - old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; - elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; - } - - ret = callback.call( elem ); - - // Revert the old values - for ( name in options ) { - elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; - } - - return ret; -}; - - -var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); - - - -( function() { - - // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout - // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. - function computeStyleTests() { - - // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once - if ( !div ) { - return; - } - - container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + - "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; - div.style.cssText = - "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + - "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + - "width:60%;top:1%"; - documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); - - var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); - pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 - reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; - - // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 - // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't - div.style.right = "60%"; - pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements - boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; - - // Support: IE 9 only - // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) - // Support: Chrome <=64 - // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) - div.style.position = "absolute"; - scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; - - documentElement.removeChild( container ); - - // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and - // it will also be a sign that checks already performed - div = null; - } - - function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { - return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); - } - - var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, - reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, - container = document.createElement( "div" ), - div = document.createElement( "div" ); - - // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments - if ( !div.style ) { - return; - } - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) - div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; - div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; - support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; - - jQuery.extend( support, { - boxSizingReliable: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return boxSizingReliableVal; - }, - pixelBoxStyles: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return pixelBoxStylesVal; - }, - pixelPosition: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return pixelPositionVal; - }, - reliableMarginLeft: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return reliableMarginLeftVal; - }, - scrollboxSize: function() { - computeStyleTests(); - return scrollboxSizeVal; - }, - - // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height - // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. - // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes - // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! - reliableTrDimensions: function() { - var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; - if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { - table = document.createElement( "table" ); - tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); - trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); - - table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px"; - tr.style.height = "1px"; - trChild.style.height = "9px"; - - documentElement - .appendChild( table ) - .appendChild( tr ) - .appendChild( trChild ); - - trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); - reliableTrDimensionsVal = parseInt( trStyle.height ) > 3; - - documentElement.removeChild( table ); - } - return reliableTrDimensionsVal; - } - } ); -} )(); - - -function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { - var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, - - // Support: Firefox 51+ - // Retrieving style before computed somehow - // fixes an issue with getting wrong values - // on detached elements - style = elem.style; - - computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); - - // getPropertyValue is needed for: - // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) - // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) - if ( computed ) { - ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; - - if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { - ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); - } - - // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" - // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, - // but width seems to be reliably pixels. - // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: - // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values - if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { - - // Remember the original values - width = style.width; - minWidth = style.minWidth; - maxWidth = style.maxWidth; - - // Put in the new values to get a computed value out - style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; - ret = computed.width; - - // Revert the changed values - style.width = width; - style.minWidth = minWidth; - style.maxWidth = maxWidth; - } - } - - return ret !== undefined ? - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. - ret + "" : - ret; -} - - -function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { - - // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. - return { - get: function() { - if ( conditionFn() ) { - - // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due - // to missing dependency), remove it. - delete this.get; - return; - } - - // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. - return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); - } - }; -} - - -var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], - emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, - vendorProps = {}; - -// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined -function vendorPropName( name ) { - - // Check for vendor prefixed names - var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), - i = cssPrefixes.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; - if ( name in emptyStyle ) { - return name; - } - } -} - -// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property -function finalPropName( name ) { - var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; - - if ( final ) { - return final; - } - if ( name in emptyStyle ) { - return name; - } - return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; -} - - -var - - // Swappable if display is none or starts with table - // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" - // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display - rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, - rcustomProp = /^--/, - cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, - cssNormalTransform = { - letterSpacing: "0", - fontWeight: "400" - }; - -function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { - - // Any relative (+/-) values have already been - // normalized at this point - var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); - return matches ? - - // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks - Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : - value; -} - -function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { - var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, - extra = 0, - delta = 0; - - // Adjustment may not be necessary - if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { - return 0; - } - - for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { - - // Both box models exclude margin - if ( box === "margin" ) { - delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - } - - // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" - if ( !isBorderBox ) { - - // Add padding - delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - - // For "border" or "margin", add border - if ( box !== "padding" ) { - delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - - // But still keep track of it otherwise - } else { - extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - } - - // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or - // "padding" or "margin" - } else { - - // For "content", subtract padding - if ( box === "content" ) { - delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); - } - - // For "content" or "padding", subtract border - if ( box !== "margin" ) { - delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); - } - } - } - - // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal - if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { - - // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border - // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down - delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( - elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - - computedVal - - delta - - extra - - 0.5 - - // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter - // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) - ) ) || 0; - } - - return delta; -} - -function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { - - // Start with computed style - var styles = getStyles( elem ), - - // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). - // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. - boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, - isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && - jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", - valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, - - val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), - offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); - - // Support: Firefox <=54 - // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. - if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { - if ( !extra ) { - return val; - } - val = "auto"; - } - - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. - // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. - if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || - - // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ - // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height - // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. - // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. - !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || - - // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" - // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) - val === "auto" || - - // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only - // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) - !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && - - // Make sure the element is visible & connected - elem.getClientRects().length ) { - - isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; - - // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. - // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the - // retrieved value as a content box dimension. - valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; - if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { - val = elem[ offsetProp ]; - } - } - - // Normalize "" and auto - val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; - - // Adjust for the element's box model - return ( val + - boxModelAdjustment( - elem, - dimension, - extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), - valueIsBorderBox, - styles, - - // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) - val - ) - ) + "px"; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default - // behavior of getting and setting a style property - cssHooks: { - opacity: { - get: function( elem, computed ) { - if ( computed ) { - - // We should always get a number back from opacity - var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); - return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; - } - } - } - }, - - // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties - cssNumber: { - "animationIterationCount": true, - "columnCount": true, - "fillOpacity": true, - "flexGrow": true, - "flexShrink": true, - "fontWeight": true, - "gridArea": true, - "gridColumn": true, - "gridColumnEnd": true, - "gridColumnStart": true, - "gridRow": true, - "gridRowEnd": true, - "gridRowStart": true, - "lineHeight": true, - "opacity": true, - "order": true, - "orphans": true, - "widows": true, - "zIndex": true, - "zoom": true - }, - - // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before - // setting or getting the value - cssProps: {}, - - // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node - style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { - - // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes - if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { - return; - } - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name - var ret, type, hooks, - origName = camelCase( name ), - isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), - style = elem.style; - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't - // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property - // since they are user-defined. - if ( !isCustomProp ) { - name = finalPropName( origName ); - } - - // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; - - // Check if we're setting a value - if ( value !== undefined ) { - type = typeof value; - - // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) - if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { - value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); - - // Fixes bug #9237 - type = "number"; - } - - // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) - if ( value == null || value !== value ) { - return; - } - - // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) - // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append - // "px" to a few hardcoded values. - if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { - value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); - } - - // background-* props affect original clone's values - if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { - style[ name ] = "inherit"; - } - - // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value - if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || - ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { - - if ( isCustomProp ) { - style.setProperty( name, value ); - } else { - style[ name ] = value; - } - } - - } else { - - // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { - - return ret; - } - - // Otherwise just get the value from the style object - return style[ name ]; - } - }, - - css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { - var val, num, hooks, - origName = camelCase( name ), - isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); - - // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't - // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property - // since they are user-defined. - if ( !isCustomProp ) { - name = finalPropName( origName ); - } - - // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; - - // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { - val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); - } - - // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that - if ( val === undefined ) { - val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); - } - - // Convert "normal" to computed value - if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { - val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; - } - - // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric - if ( extra === "" || extra ) { - num = parseFloat( val ); - return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; - } - - return val; - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { - get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { - if ( computed ) { - - // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them - // but it must have a current display style that would benefit - return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && - - // Support: Safari 8+ - // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero - // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node - // in IE throws an error. - ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? - swap( elem, cssShow, function() { - return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); - } ) : - getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); - } - }, - - set: function( elem, value, extra ) { - var matches, - styles = getStyles( elem ), - - // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail - // to avoid forcing a reflow. - scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && - styles.position === "absolute", - - // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) - boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, - isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && - jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", - subtract = extra ? - boxModelAdjustment( - elem, - dimension, - extra, - isBorderBox, - styles - ) : - 0; - - // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and - // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) - if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { - subtract -= Math.ceil( - elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - - parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - - boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - - 0.5 - ); - } - - // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed - if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && - ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { - - elem.style[ dimension ] = value; - value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); - } - - return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); - } - }; -} ); - -jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, - function( elem, computed ) { - if ( computed ) { - return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || - elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - - swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { - return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; - } ) - ) + "px"; - } - } -); - -// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties -jQuery.each( { - margin: "", - padding: "", - border: "Width" -}, function( prefix, suffix ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { - expand: function( value ) { - var i = 0, - expanded = {}, - - // Assumes a single number if not a string - parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; - - for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { - expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = - parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; - } - - return expanded; - } - }; - - if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { - jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; - } -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - css: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { - var styles, len, - map = {}, - i = 0; - - if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { - styles = getStyles( elem ); - len = name.length; - - for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { - map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); - } - - return map; - } - - return value !== undefined ? - jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : - jQuery.css( elem, name ); - }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - } -} ); - - -function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { - return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); -} -jQuery.Tween = Tween; - -Tween.prototype = { - constructor: Tween, - init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { - this.elem = elem; - this.prop = prop; - this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; - this.options = options; - this.start = this.now = this.cur(); - this.end = end; - this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); - }, - cur: function() { - var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; - - return hooks && hooks.get ? - hooks.get( this ) : - Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); - }, - run: function( percent ) { - var eased, - hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; - - if ( this.options.duration ) { - this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( - percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration - ); - } else { - this.pos = eased = percent; - } - this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; - - if ( this.options.step ) { - this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); - } - - if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { - hooks.set( this ); - } else { - Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); - } - return this; - } -}; - -Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; - -Tween.propHooks = { - _default: { - get: function( tween ) { - var result; - - // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, - // or when there is no matching style property that exists. - if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { - return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; - } - - // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically - // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. - // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; - // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. - result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); - - // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. - return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; - }, - set: function( tween ) { - - // Use step hook for back compat. - // Use cssHook if its there. - // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. - if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { - jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); - } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( - jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || - tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { - jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); - } else { - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; - } - } - } -}; - -// Support: IE <=9 only -// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes -Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { - set: function( tween ) { - if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { - tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; - } - } -}; - -jQuery.easing = { - linear: function( p ) { - return p; - }, - swing: function( p ) { - return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; - }, - _default: "swing" -}; - -jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; - -// Back compat <1.8 extension point -jQuery.fx.step = {}; - - - - -var - fxNow, inProgress, - rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, - rrun = /queueHooks$/; - -function schedule() { - if ( inProgress ) { - if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { - window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); - } else { - window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); - } - - jQuery.fx.tick(); - } -} - -// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously -function createFxNow() { - window.setTimeout( function() { - fxNow = undefined; - } ); - return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); -} - -// Generate parameters to create a standard animation -function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { - var which, - i = 0, - attrs = { height: type }; - - // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, - // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right - includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; - for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { - which = cssExpand[ i ]; - attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; - } - - if ( includeWidth ) { - attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; - } - - return attrs; -} - -function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { - var tween, - collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), - index = 0, - length = collection.length; - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { - - // We're done with this property - return tween; - } - } -} - -function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { - var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, - isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, - anim = this, - orig = {}, - style = elem.style, - hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), - dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); - - // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks - if ( !opts.queue ) { - hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); - if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { - hooks.unqueued = 0; - oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; - hooks.empty.fire = function() { - if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { - oldfire(); - } - }; - } - hooks.unqueued++; - - anim.always( function() { - - // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes - anim.always( function() { - hooks.unqueued--; - if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { - hooks.empty.fire(); - } - } ); - } ); - } - - // Detect show/hide animations - for ( prop in props ) { - value = props[ prop ]; - if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { - delete props[ prop ]; - toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; - if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { - - // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and - // there is still data from a stopped show/hide - if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { - hidden = true; - - // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data - } else { - continue; - } - } - orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); - } - } - - // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() - propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); - if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { - return; - } - - // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations - if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 - // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand - // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors - // the overflowX value there. - opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; - - // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade - restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; - if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { - restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); - } - display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); - if ( display === "none" ) { - if ( restoreDisplay ) { - display = restoreDisplay; - } else { - - // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility - showHide( [ elem ], true ); - restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; - display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); - showHide( [ elem ] ); - } - } - - // Animate inline elements as inline-block - if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { - if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { - - // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations - if ( !propTween ) { - anim.done( function() { - style.display = restoreDisplay; - } ); - if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { - display = style.display; - restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; - } - } - style.display = "inline-block"; - } - } - } - - if ( opts.overflow ) { - style.overflow = "hidden"; - anim.always( function() { - style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; - style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; - style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; - } ); - } - - // Implement show/hide animations - propTween = false; - for ( prop in orig ) { - - // General show/hide setup for this element animation - if ( !propTween ) { - if ( dataShow ) { - if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { - hidden = dataShow.hidden; - } - } else { - dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); - } - - // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" - if ( toggle ) { - dataShow.hidden = !hidden; - } - - // Show elements before animating them - if ( hidden ) { - showHide( [ elem ], true ); - } - - /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ - - anim.done( function() { - - /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ - - // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element - if ( !hidden ) { - showHide( [ elem ] ); - } - dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); - for ( prop in orig ) { - jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); - } - } ); - } - - // Per-property setup - propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); - if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { - dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; - if ( hidden ) { - propTween.end = propTween.start; - propTween.start = 0; - } - } - } -} - -function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { - var index, name, easing, value, hooks; - - // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass - for ( index in props ) { - name = camelCase( index ); - easing = specialEasing[ name ]; - value = props[ index ]; - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - easing = value[ 1 ]; - value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; - } - - if ( index !== name ) { - props[ name ] = value; - delete props[ index ]; - } - - hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; - if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { - value = hooks.expand( value ); - delete props[ name ]; - - // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. - // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" - for ( index in value ) { - if ( !( index in props ) ) { - props[ index ] = value[ index ]; - specialEasing[ index ] = easing; - } - } - } else { - specialEasing[ name ] = easing; - } - } -} - -function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { - var result, - stopped, - index = 0, - length = Animation.prefilters.length, - deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { - - // Don't match elem in the :animated selector - delete tick.elem; - } ), - tick = function() { - if ( stopped ) { - return false; - } - var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), - remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), - - // Support: Android 2.3 only - // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) - temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, - percent = 1 - temp, - index = 0, - length = animation.tweens.length; - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); - } - - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); - - // If there's more to do, yield - if ( percent < 1 && length ) { - return remaining; - } - - // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification - if ( !length ) { - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); - } - - // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion - deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); - return false; - }, - animation = deferred.promise( { - elem: elem, - props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), - opts: jQuery.extend( true, { - specialEasing: {}, - easing: jQuery.easing._default - }, options ), - originalProperties: properties, - originalOptions: options, - startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), - duration: options.duration, - tweens: [], - createTween: function( prop, end ) { - var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, - animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); - animation.tweens.push( tween ); - return tween; - }, - stop: function( gotoEnd ) { - var index = 0, - - // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens - // otherwise we skip this part - length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; - if ( stopped ) { - return this; - } - stopped = true; - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); - } - - // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject - if ( gotoEnd ) { - deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); - deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); - } else { - deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); - } - return this; - } - } ), - props = animation.props; - - propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); - if ( result ) { - if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { - jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = - result.stop.bind( result ); - } - return result; - } - } - - jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); - - if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { - animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); - } - - // Attach callbacks from options - animation - .progress( animation.opts.progress ) - .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) - .fail( animation.opts.fail ) - .always( animation.opts.always ); - - jQuery.fx.timer( - jQuery.extend( tick, { - elem: elem, - anim: animation, - queue: animation.opts.queue - } ) - ); - - return animation; -} - -jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { - - tweeners: { - "*": [ function( prop, value ) { - var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); - adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); - return tween; - } ] - }, - - tweener: function( props, callback ) { - if ( isFunction( props ) ) { - callback = props; - props = [ "*" ]; - } else { - props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); - } - - var prop, - index = 0, - length = props.length; - - for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { - prop = props[ index ]; - Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; - Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); - } - }, - - prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], - - prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { - if ( prepend ) { - Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); - } else { - Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); - } - } -} ); - -jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { - var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { - complete: fn || !fn && easing || - isFunction( speed ) && speed, - duration: speed, - easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing - }; - - // Go to the end state if fx are off - if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { - opt.duration = 0; - - } else { - if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { - if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { - opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; - - } else { - opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; - } - } - } - - // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" - if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { - opt.queue = "fx"; - } - - // Queueing - opt.old = opt.complete; - - opt.complete = function() { - if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { - opt.old.call( this ); - } - - if ( opt.queue ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); - } - }; - - return opt; -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { - - // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 - return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() - - // Animate to the value specified - .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); - }, - animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { - var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), - optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), - doAnimation = function() { - - // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost - var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); - - // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately - if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { - anim.stop( true ); - } - }; - doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; - - return empty || optall.queue === false ? - this.each( doAnimation ) : - this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); - }, - stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { - var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { - var stop = hooks.stop; - delete hooks.stop; - stop( gotoEnd ); - }; - - if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { - gotoEnd = clearQueue; - clearQueue = type; - type = undefined; - } - if ( clearQueue ) { - this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var dequeue = true, - index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", - timers = jQuery.timers, - data = dataPriv.get( this ); - - if ( index ) { - if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { - stopQueue( data[ index ] ); - } - } else { - for ( index in data ) { - if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { - stopQueue( data[ index ] ); - } - } - } - - for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { - if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && - ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { - - timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); - dequeue = false; - timers.splice( index, 1 ); - } - } - - // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. - // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which - // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. - if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { - jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); - } - } ); - }, - finish: function( type ) { - if ( type !== false ) { - type = type || "fx"; - } - return this.each( function() { - var index, - data = dataPriv.get( this ), - queue = data[ type + "queue" ], - hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], - timers = jQuery.timers, - length = queue ? queue.length : 0; - - // Enable finishing flag on private data - data.finish = true; - - // Empty the queue first - jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); - - if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { - hooks.stop.call( this, true ); - } - - // Look for any active animations, and finish them - for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { - if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { - timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); - timers.splice( index, 1 ); - } - } - - // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them - for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { - if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { - queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); - } - } - - // Turn off finishing flag - delete data.finish; - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { - var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { - return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? - cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : - this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); - }; -} ); - -// Generate shortcuts for custom animations -jQuery.each( { - slideDown: genFx( "show" ), - slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), - slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), - fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, - fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, - fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } -}, function( name, props ) { - jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { - return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); - }; -} ); - -jQuery.timers = []; -jQuery.fx.tick = function() { - var timer, - i = 0, - timers = jQuery.timers; - - fxNow = Date.now(); - - for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { - timer = timers[ i ]; - - // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) - if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { - timers.splice( i--, 1 ); - } - } - - if ( !timers.length ) { - jQuery.fx.stop(); - } - fxNow = undefined; -}; - -jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { - jQuery.timers.push( timer ); - jQuery.fx.start(); -}; - -jQuery.fx.interval = 13; -jQuery.fx.start = function() { - if ( inProgress ) { - return; - } - - inProgress = true; - schedule(); -}; - -jQuery.fx.stop = function() { - inProgress = null; -}; - -jQuery.fx.speeds = { - slow: 600, - fast: 200, - - // Default speed - _default: 400 -}; - - -// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. -// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ -jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { - time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; - type = type || "fx"; - - return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { - var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); - hooks.stop = function() { - window.clearTimeout( timeout ); - }; - } ); -}; - - -( function() { - var input = document.createElement( "input" ), - select = document.createElement( "select" ), - opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); - - input.type = "checkbox"; - - // Support: Android <=4.3 only - // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" - support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select - support.optSelected = opt.selected; - - // Support: IE <=11 only - // An input loses its value after becoming a radio - input = document.createElement( "input" ); - input.value = "t"; - input.type = "radio"; - support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; -} )(); - - -var boolHook, - attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - attr: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - }, - - removeAttr: function( name ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - attr: function( elem, name, value ) { - var ret, hooks, - nType = elem.nodeType; - - // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes - if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { - return; - } - - // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported - if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { - return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); - } - - // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version - // Grab necessary hook if one is defined - if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || - ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); - } - - if ( value !== undefined ) { - if ( value === null ) { - jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); - return; - } - - if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { - return ret; - } - - elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); - return value; - } - - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { - return ret; - } - - ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); - - // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined - return ret == null ? undefined : ret; - }, - - attrHooks: { - type: { - set: function( elem, value ) { - if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && - nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { - var val = elem.value; - elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); - if ( val ) { - elem.value = val; - } - return value; - } - } - } - }, - - removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { - var name, - i = 0, - - // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 - attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); - - if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { - while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { - elem.removeAttribute( name ); - } - } - } -} ); - -// Hooks for boolean attributes -boolHook = { - set: function( elem, value, name ) { - if ( value === false ) { - - // Remove boolean attributes when set to false - jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); - } else { - elem.setAttribute( name, name ); - } - return name; - } -}; - -jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { - var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; - - attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { - var ret, handle, - lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); - - if ( !isXML ) { - - // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter - handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; - attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; - ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? - lowercaseName : - null; - attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; - } - return ret; - }; -} ); - - - - -var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, - rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - prop: function( name, value ) { - return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); - }, - - removeProp: function( name ) { - return this.each( function() { - delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - prop: function( elem, name, value ) { - var ret, hooks, - nType = elem.nodeType; - - // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes - if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { - return; - } - - if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { - - // Fix name and attach hooks - name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; - hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; - } - - if ( value !== undefined ) { - if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { - return ret; - } - - return ( elem[ name ] = value ); - } - - if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { - return ret; - } - - return elem[ name ]; - }, - - propHooks: { - tabIndex: { - get: function( elem ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only - // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the - // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set - // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ - // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) - var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); - - if ( tabindex ) { - return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); - } - - if ( - rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || - rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && - elem.href - ) { - return 0; - } - - return -1; - } - } - }, - - propFix: { - "for": "htmlFor", - "class": "className" - } -} ); - -// Support: IE <=11 only -// Accessing the selectedIndex property -// forces the browser to respect setting selected -// on the option -// The getter ensures a default option is selected -// when in an optgroup -// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code -// since it considers such accessions noop -if ( !support.optSelected ) { - jQuery.propHooks.selected = { - get: function( elem ) { - - /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ - - var parent = elem.parentNode; - if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { - parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - return null; - }, - set: function( elem ) { - - /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ - - var parent = elem.parentNode; - if ( parent ) { - parent.selectedIndex; - - if ( parent.parentNode ) { - parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; - } - } - } - }; -} - -jQuery.each( [ - "tabIndex", - "readOnly", - "maxLength", - "cellSpacing", - "cellPadding", - "rowSpan", - "colSpan", - "useMap", - "frameBorder", - "contentEditable" -], function() { - jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; -} ); - - - - - // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec - // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace - function stripAndCollapse( value ) { - var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - return tokens.join( " " ); - } - - -function getClass( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; -} - -function classesToArray( value ) { - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - return value; - } - if ( typeof value === "string" ) { - return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - } - return []; -} - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - addClass: function( value ) { - var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, - i = 0; - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( j ) { - jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); - } ); - } - - classes = classesToArray( value ); - - if ( classes.length ) { - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - curValue = getClass( elem ); - cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); - - if ( cur ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { - if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { - cur += clazz + " "; - } - } - - // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. - finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); - if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { - elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); - } - } - } - } - - return this; - }, - - removeClass: function( value ) { - var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, - i = 0; - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( j ) { - jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); - } ); - } - - if ( !arguments.length ) { - return this.attr( "class", "" ); - } - - classes = classesToArray( value ); - - if ( classes.length ) { - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - curValue = getClass( elem ); - - // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) - cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); - - if ( cur ) { - j = 0; - while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { - - // Remove *all* instances - while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { - cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); - } - } - - // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. - finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); - if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { - elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); - } - } - } - } - - return this; - }, - - toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { - var type = typeof value, - isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); - - if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { - return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); - } - - if ( isFunction( value ) ) { - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).toggleClass( - value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), - stateVal - ); - } ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var className, i, self, classNames; - - if ( isValidValue ) { - - // Toggle individual class names - i = 0; - self = jQuery( this ); - classNames = classesToArray( value ); - - while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Check each className given, space separated list - if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { - self.removeClass( className ); - } else { - self.addClass( className ); - } - } - - // Toggle whole class name - } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { - className = getClass( this ); - if ( className ) { - - // Store className if set - dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); - } - - // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, - // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). - // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), - // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. - if ( this.setAttribute ) { - this.setAttribute( "class", - className || value === false ? - "" : - dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" - ); - } - } - } ); - }, - - hasClass: function( selector ) { - var className, elem, - i = 0; - - className = " " + selector + " "; - while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { - if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && - ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { - return true; - } - } - - return false; - } -} ); - - - - -var rreturn = /\r/g; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - val: function( value ) { - var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, - elem = this[ 0 ]; - - if ( !arguments.length ) { - if ( elem ) { - hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || - jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; - - if ( hooks && - "get" in hooks && - ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined - ) { - return ret; - } - - ret = elem.value; - - // Handle most common string cases - if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { - return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); - } - - // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number - return ret == null ? "" : ret; - } - - return; - } - - valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); - - return this.each( function( i ) { - var val; - - if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { - return; - } - - if ( valueIsFunction ) { - val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); - } else { - val = value; - } - - // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string - if ( val == null ) { - val = ""; - - } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { - val += ""; - - } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { - val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { - return value == null ? "" : value + ""; - } ); - } - - hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; - - // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting - if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { - this.value = val; - } - } ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.extend( { - valHooks: { - option: { - get: function( elem ) { - - var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); - return val != null ? - val : - - // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only - // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) - // Strip and collapse whitespace - // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace - stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); - } - }, - select: { - get: function( elem ) { - var value, option, i, - options = elem.options, - index = elem.selectedIndex, - one = elem.type === "select-one", - values = one ? null : [], - max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; - - if ( index < 0 ) { - i = max; - - } else { - i = one ? index : 0; - } - - // Loop through all the selected options - for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { - option = options[ i ]; - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) - if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && - - // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup - !option.disabled && - ( !option.parentNode.disabled || - !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { - - // Get the specific value for the option - value = jQuery( option ).val(); - - // We don't need an array for one selects - if ( one ) { - return value; - } - - // Multi-Selects return an array - values.push( value ); - } - } - - return values; - }, - - set: function( elem, value ) { - var optionSet, option, - options = elem.options, - values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), - i = options.length; - - while ( i-- ) { - option = options[ i ]; - - /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ - - if ( option.selected = - jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 - ) { - optionSet = true; - } - - /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ - } - - // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set - if ( !optionSet ) { - elem.selectedIndex = -1; - } - return values; - } - } - } -} ); - -// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter -jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { - jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { - set: function( elem, value ) { - if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { - return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); - } - } - }; - if ( !support.checkOn ) { - jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { - return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; - }; - } -} ); - - - - -// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion - - -support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; - - -var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, - stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { - e.stopPropagation(); - }; - -jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { - - trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { - - var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, - eventPath = [ elem || document ], - type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, - namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; - - cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; - - // Don't do events on text and comment nodes - if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { - return; - } - - // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now - if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { - return; - } - - if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { - - // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() - namespaces = type.split( "." ); - type = namespaces.shift(); - namespaces.sort(); - } - ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; - - // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string - event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? - event : - new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); - - // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) - event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; - event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); - event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? - new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : - null; - - // Clean up the event in case it is being reused - event.result = undefined; - if ( !event.target ) { - event.target = elem; - } - - // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list - data = data == null ? - [ event ] : - jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); - - // Allow special events to draw outside the lines - special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; - if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { - return; - } - - // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) - // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) - if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { - - bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; - if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { - cur = cur.parentNode; - } - for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { - eventPath.push( cur ); - tmp = cur; - } - - // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) - if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { - eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); - } - } - - // Fire handlers on the event path - i = 0; - while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement = cur; - event.type = i > 1 ? - bubbleType : - special.bindType || type; - - // jQuery handler - handle = ( - dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) - )[ event.type ] && - dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); - if ( handle ) { - handle.apply( cur, data ); - } - - // Native handler - handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; - if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { - event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); - if ( event.result === false ) { - event.preventDefault(); - } - } - } - event.type = type; - - // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now - if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { - - if ( ( !special._default || - special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && - acceptData( elem ) ) { - - // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. - // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) - if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { - - // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method - tmp = elem[ ontype ]; - - if ( tmp ) { - elem[ ontype ] = null; - } - - // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above - jQuery.event.triggered = type; - - if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); - } - - elem[ type ](); - - if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { - lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); - } - - jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; - - if ( tmp ) { - elem[ ontype ] = tmp; - } - } - } - } - - return event.result; - }, - - // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one - // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events - simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { - var e = jQuery.extend( - new jQuery.Event(), - event, - { - type: type, - isSimulated: true - } - ); - - jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); - } - -} ); - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - - trigger: function( type, data ) { - return this.each( function() { - jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); - } ); - }, - triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { - var elem = this[ 0 ]; - if ( elem ) { - return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); - } - } -} ); - - -// Support: Firefox <=44 -// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events -// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 -// -// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 -// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, -// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order -// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 -if ( !support.focusin ) { - jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { - - // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout - var handler = function( event ) { - jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); - }; - - jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { - setup: function() { - - // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window - // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). - var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, - attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); - - if ( !attaches ) { - doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); - } - dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); - }, - teardown: function() { - var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, - attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; - - if ( !attaches ) { - doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); - dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); - - } else { - dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); - } - } - }; - } ); -} -var location = window.location; - -var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; - -var rquery = ( /\?/ ); - - - -// Cross-browser xml parsing -jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { - var xml; - if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { - return null; - } - - // Support: IE 9 - 11 only - // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. - try { - xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); - } catch ( e ) { - xml = undefined; - } - - if ( !xml || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) { - jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data ); - } - return xml; -}; - - -var - rbracket = /\[\]$/, - rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, - rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, - rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; - -function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { - var name; - - if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { - - // Serialize array item. - jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { - if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { - - // Treat each array item as a scalar. - add( prefix, v ); - - } else { - - // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. - buildParams( - prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", - v, - traditional, - add - ); - } - } ); - - } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { - - // Serialize object item. - for ( name in obj ) { - buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); - } - - } else { - - // Serialize scalar item. - add( prefix, obj ); - } -} - -// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of -// key/values into a query string -jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { - var prefix, - s = [], - add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { - - // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value - var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? - valueOrFunction() : - valueOrFunction; - - s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + - encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); - }; - - if ( a == null ) { - return ""; - } - - // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. - if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { - - // Serialize the form elements - jQuery.each( a, function() { - add( this.name, this.value ); - } ); - - } else { - - // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older - // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. - for ( prefix in a ) { - buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); - } - } - - // Return the resulting serialization - return s.join( "&" ); -}; - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - serialize: function() { - return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); - }, - serializeArray: function() { - return this.map( function() { - - // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements - var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); - return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; - } ) - .filter( function() { - var type = this.type; - - // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works - return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && - rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && - ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); - } ) - .map( function( _i, elem ) { - var val = jQuery( this ).val(); - - if ( val == null ) { - return null; - } - - if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { - return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { - return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; - } ); - } - - return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; - } ).get(); - } -} ); - - -var - r20 = /%20/g, - rhash = /#.*$/, - rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, - rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, - - // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection - rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, - rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, - rprotocol = /^\/\//, - - /* Prefilters - * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) - * 2) These are called: - * - BEFORE asking for a transport - * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) - * 3) key is the dataType - * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used - * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed - */ - prefilters = {}, - - /* Transports bindings - * 1) key is the dataType - * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used - * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed - */ - transports = {}, - - // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression - allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), - - // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin - originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); - originAnchor.href = location.href; - -// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport -function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { - - // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" - return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { - - if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { - func = dataTypeExpression; - dataTypeExpression = "*"; - } - - var dataType, - i = 0, - dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; - - if ( isFunction( func ) ) { - - // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression - while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { - - // Prepend if requested - if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { - dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; - ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); - - // Otherwise append - } else { - ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); - } - } - } - }; -} - -// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports -function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { - - var inspected = {}, - seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); - - function inspect( dataType ) { - var selected; - inspected[ dataType ] = true; - jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { - var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); - if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && - !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { - - options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); - inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); - return false; - } else if ( seekingTransport ) { - return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); - } - } ); - return selected; - } - - return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); -} - -// A special extend for ajax options -// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) -// Fixes #9887 -function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { - var key, deep, - flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; - - for ( key in src ) { - if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { - ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; - } - } - if ( deep ) { - jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); - } - - return target; -} - -/* Handles responses to an ajax request: - * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) - * - returns the corresponding response - */ -function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { - - var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, - contents = s.contents, - dataTypes = s.dataTypes; - - // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process - while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { - dataTypes.shift(); - if ( ct === undefined ) { - ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); - } - } - - // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type - if ( ct ) { - for ( type in contents ) { - if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { - dataTypes.unshift( type ); - break; - } - } - } - - // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType - if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { - finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; - } else { - - // Try convertible dataTypes - for ( type in responses ) { - if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { - finalDataType = type; - break; - } - if ( !firstDataType ) { - firstDataType = type; - } - } - - // Or just use first one - finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; - } - - // If we found a dataType - // We add the dataType to the list if needed - // and return the corresponding response - if ( finalDataType ) { - if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { - dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); - } - return responses[ finalDataType ]; - } -} - -/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response - * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance - */ -function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { - var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, - converters = {}, - - // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion - dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); - - // Create converters map with lowercased keys - if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { - for ( conv in s.converters ) { - converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; - } - } - - current = dataTypes.shift(); - - // Convert to each sequential dataType - while ( current ) { - - if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { - jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; - } - - // Apply the dataFilter if provided - if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { - response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); - } - - prev = current; - current = dataTypes.shift(); - - if ( current ) { - - // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto - if ( current === "*" ) { - - current = prev; - - // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current - } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { - - // Seek a direct converter - conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; - - // If none found, seek a pair - if ( !conv ) { - for ( conv2 in converters ) { - - // If conv2 outputs current - tmp = conv2.split( " " ); - if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { - - // If prev can be converted to accepted input - conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || - converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; - if ( conv ) { - - // Condense equivalence converters - if ( conv === true ) { - conv = converters[ conv2 ]; - - // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType - } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { - current = tmp[ 0 ]; - dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); - } - break; - } - } - } - } - - // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) - if ( conv !== true ) { - - // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them - if ( conv && s.throws ) { - response = conv( response ); - } else { - try { - response = conv( response ); - } catch ( e ) { - return { - state: "parsererror", - error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current - }; - } - } - } - } - } - } - - return { state: "success", data: response }; -} - -jQuery.extend( { - - // Counter for holding the number of active queries - active: 0, - - // Last-Modified header cache for next request - lastModified: {}, - etag: {}, - - ajaxSettings: { - url: location.href, - type: "GET", - isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), - global: true, - processData: true, - async: true, - contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", - - /* - timeout: 0, - data: null, - dataType: null, - username: null, - password: null, - cache: null, - throws: false, - traditional: false, - headers: {}, - */ - - accepts: { - "*": allTypes, - text: "text/plain", - html: "text/html", - xml: "application/xml, text/xml", - json: "application/json, text/javascript" - }, - - contents: { - xml: /\bxml\b/, - html: /\bhtml/, - json: /\bjson\b/ - }, - - responseFields: { - xml: "responseXML", - text: "responseText", - json: "responseJSON" - }, - - // Data converters - // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space - converters: { - - // Convert anything to text - "* text": String, - - // Text to html (true = no transformation) - "text html": true, - - // Evaluate text as a json expression - "text json": JSON.parse, - - // Parse text as xml - "text xml": jQuery.parseXML - }, - - // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: - // you can add your own custom options here if - // and when you create one that shouldn't be - // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) - flatOptions: { - url: true, - context: true - } - }, - - // Creates a full fledged settings object into target - // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. - // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. - ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { - return settings ? - - // Building a settings object - ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : - - // Extending ajaxSettings - ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); - }, - - ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), - ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), - - // Main method - ajax: function( url, options ) { - - // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature - if ( typeof url === "object" ) { - options = url; - url = undefined; - } - - // Force options to be an object - options = options || {}; - - var transport, - - // URL without anti-cache param - cacheURL, - - // Response headers - responseHeadersString, - responseHeaders, - - // timeout handle - timeoutTimer, - - // Url cleanup var - urlAnchor, - - // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) - completed, - - // To know if global events are to be dispatched - fireGlobals, - - // Loop variable - i, - - // uncached part of the url - uncached, - - // Create the final options object - s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), - - // Callbacks context - callbackContext = s.context || s, - - // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection - globalEventContext = s.context && - ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? - jQuery( callbackContext ) : - jQuery.event, - - // Deferreds - deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), - completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), - - // Status-dependent callbacks - statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, - - // Headers (they are sent all at once) - requestHeaders = {}, - requestHeadersNames = {}, - - // Default abort message - strAbort = "canceled", - - // Fake xhr - jqXHR = { - readyState: 0, - - // Builds headers hashtable if needed - getResponseHeader: function( key ) { - var match; - if ( completed ) { - if ( !responseHeaders ) { - responseHeaders = {}; - while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { - responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = - ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) - .concat( match[ 2 ] ); - } - } - match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; - } - return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); - }, - - // Raw string - getAllResponseHeaders: function() { - return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; - }, - - // Caches the header - setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { - if ( completed == null ) { - name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = - requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; - requestHeaders[ name ] = value; - } - return this; - }, - - // Overrides response content-type header - overrideMimeType: function( type ) { - if ( completed == null ) { - s.mimeType = type; - } - return this; - }, - - // Status-dependent callbacks - statusCode: function( map ) { - var code; - if ( map ) { - if ( completed ) { - - // Execute the appropriate callbacks - jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); - } else { - - // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones - for ( code in map ) { - statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; - } - } - } - return this; - }, - - // Cancel the request - abort: function( statusText ) { - var finalText = statusText || strAbort; - if ( transport ) { - transport.abort( finalText ); - } - done( 0, finalText ); - return this; - } - }; - - // Attach deferreds - deferred.promise( jqXHR ); - - // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) - // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) - // We also use the url parameter if available - s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) - .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); - - // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 - s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; - - // Extract dataTypes list - s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; - - // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. - if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { - urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); - - // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 - // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, - // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ - try { - urlAnchor.href = s.url; - - // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only - // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative - urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; - s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== - urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; - } catch ( e ) { - - // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, - // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid - s.crossDomain = true; - } - } - - // Convert data if not already a string - if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { - s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); - } - - // Apply prefilters - inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); - - // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there - if ( completed ) { - return jqXHR; - } - - // We can fire global events as of now if asked to - // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) - fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; - - // Watch for a new set of requests - if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { - jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); - } - - // Uppercase the type - s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); - - // Determine if request has content - s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); - - // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since - // and/or If-None-Match header later on - // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation - cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); - - // More options handling for requests with no content - if ( !s.hasContent ) { - - // Remember the hash so we can put it back - uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); - - // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url - if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { - cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; - - // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry - delete s.data; - } - - // Add or update anti-cache param if needed - if ( s.cache === false ) { - cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); - uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + - uncached; - } - - // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) - s.url = cacheURL + uncached; - - // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) - } else if ( s.data && s.processData && - ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { - s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); - } - - // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. - if ( s.ifModified ) { - if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); - } - if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); - } - } - - // Set the correct header, if data is being sent - if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); - } - - // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( - "Accept", - s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? - s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + - ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : - s.accepts[ "*" ] - ); - - // Check for headers option - for ( i in s.headers ) { - jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); - } - - // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort - if ( s.beforeSend && - ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { - - // Abort if not done already and return - return jqXHR.abort(); - } - - // Aborting is no longer a cancellation - strAbort = "abort"; - - // Install callbacks on deferreds - completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); - jqXHR.done( s.success ); - jqXHR.fail( s.error ); - - // Get transport - transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); - - // If no transport, we auto-abort - if ( !transport ) { - done( -1, "No Transport" ); - } else { - jqXHR.readyState = 1; - - // Send global event - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); - } - - // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there - if ( completed ) { - return jqXHR; - } - - // Timeout - if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { - timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { - jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); - }, s.timeout ); - } - - try { - completed = false; - transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); - } catch ( e ) { - - // Rethrow post-completion exceptions - if ( completed ) { - throw e; - } - - // Propagate others as results - done( -1, e ); - } - } - - // Callback for when everything is done - function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { - var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, - statusText = nativeStatusText; - - // Ignore repeat invocations - if ( completed ) { - return; - } - - completed = true; - - // Clear timeout if it exists - if ( timeoutTimer ) { - window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); - } - - // Dereference transport for early garbage collection - // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) - transport = undefined; - - // Cache response headers - responseHeadersString = headers || ""; - - // Set readyState - jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; - - // Determine if successful - isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; - - // Get response data - if ( responses ) { - response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); - } - - // Use a noop converter for missing script - if ( !isSuccess && jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 ) { - s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; - } - - // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) - response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); - - // If successful, handle type chaining - if ( isSuccess ) { - - // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. - if ( s.ifModified ) { - modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); - if ( modified ) { - jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; - } - modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); - if ( modified ) { - jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; - } - } - - // if no content - if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { - statusText = "nocontent"; - - // if not modified - } else if ( status === 304 ) { - statusText = "notmodified"; - - // If we have data, let's convert it - } else { - statusText = response.state; - success = response.data; - error = response.error; - isSuccess = !error; - } - } else { - - // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts - error = statusText; - if ( status || !statusText ) { - statusText = "error"; - if ( status < 0 ) { - status = 0; - } - } - } - - // Set data for the fake xhr object - jqXHR.status = status; - jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; - - // Success/Error - if ( isSuccess ) { - deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); - } else { - deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); - } - - // Status-dependent callbacks - jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); - statusCode = undefined; - - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", - [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); - } - - // Complete - completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); - - if ( fireGlobals ) { - globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); - - // Handle the global AJAX counter - if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { - jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); - } - } - } - - return jqXHR; - }, - - getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { - return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); - }, - - getScript: function( url, callback ) { - return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); - } -} ); - -jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { - jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { - - // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted - if ( isFunction( data ) ) { - type = type || callback; - callback = data; - data = undefined; - } - - // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) - return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { - url: url, - type: method, - dataType: type, - data: data, - success: callback - }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); - }; -} ); - -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { - var i; - for ( i in s.headers ) { - if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { - s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; - } - } -} ); - - -jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { - return jQuery.ajax( { - url: url, - - // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) - type: "GET", - dataType: "script", - cache: true, - async: false, - global: false, - - // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) - // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead - // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. - converters: { - "text script": function() {} - }, - dataFilter: function( response ) { - jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); - } - } ); -}; - - -jQuery.fn.extend( { - wrapAll: function( html ) { - var wrap; - - if ( this[ 0 ] ) { - if ( isFunction( html ) ) { - html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); - } - - // The elements to wrap the target around - wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); - - if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { - wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); - } - - wrap.map( function() { - var elem = this; - - while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { - elem = elem.firstElementChild; - } - - return elem; - } ).append( this ); - } - - return this; - }, - - wrapInner: function( html ) { - if ( isFunction( html ) ) { - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); - } ); - } - - return this.each( function() { - var self = jQuery( this ), - contents = self.contents(); - - if ( contents.length ) { - contents.wrapAll( html ); - - } else { - self.append( html ); - } - } ); - }, - - wrap: function( html ) { - var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); - - return this.each( function( i ) { - jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); - } ); - }, - - unwrap: function( selector ) { - this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { - jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); - } ); - return this; - } -} ); - - -jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { - return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); -}; -jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { - return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); -}; - - - - -jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { - try { - return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); - } catch ( e ) {} -}; - -var xhrSuccessStatus = { - - // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 - 0: 200, - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 - 1223: 204 - }, - xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); - -support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); -support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; - -jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { - var callback, errorCallback; - - // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest - if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { - return { - send: function( headers, complete ) { - var i, - xhr = options.xhr(); - - xhr.open( - options.type, - options.url, - options.async, - options.username, - options.password - ); - - // Apply custom fields if provided - if ( options.xhrFields ) { - for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { - xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; - } - } - - // Override mime type if needed - if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { - xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); - } - - // X-Requested-With header - // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are - // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. - // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) - // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. - if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { - headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; - } - - // Set headers - for ( i in headers ) { - xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); - } - - // Callback - callback = function( type ) { - return function() { - if ( callback ) { - callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = - xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = - xhr.onreadystatechange = null; - - if ( type === "abort" ) { - xhr.abort(); - } else if ( type === "error" ) { - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws - // errors on any property access that is not readyState - if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { - complete( 0, "error" ); - } else { - complete( - - // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 - xhr.status, - xhr.statusText - ); - } - } else { - complete( - xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, - xhr.statusText, - - // Support: IE <=9 only - // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) - // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) - ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || - typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? - { binary: xhr.response } : - { text: xhr.responseText }, - xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() - ); - } - } - }; - }; - - // Listen to events - xhr.onload = callback(); - errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); - - // Support: IE 9 only - // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort - // to handle uncaught aborts - if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { - xhr.onabort = errorCallback; - } else { - xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { - - // Check readyState before timeout as it changes - if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { - - // Allow onerror to be called first, - // but that will not handle a native abort - // Also, save errorCallback to a variable - // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed - window.setTimeout( function() { - if ( callback ) { - errorCallback(); - } - } ); - } - }; - } - - // Create the abort callback - callback = callback( "abort" ); - - try { - - // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) - xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); - } catch ( e ) { - - // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet - if ( callback ) { - throw e; - } - } - }, - - abort: function() { - if ( callback ) { - callback(); - } - } - }; - } -} ); - - - - -// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { - if ( s.crossDomain ) { - s.contents.script = false; - } -} ); - -// Install script dataType -jQuery.ajaxSetup( { - accepts: { - script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + - "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" - }, - contents: { - script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ - }, - converters: { - "text script": function( text ) { - jQuery.globalEval( text ); - return text; - } - } -} ); - -// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain -jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { - if ( s.cache === undefined ) { - s.cache = false; - } - if ( s.crossDomain ) { - s.type = "GET"; - } -} ); - -// Bind script tag hack transport -jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { - - // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests - if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { - var script, callback; - return { - send: function( _, complete ) { - script = jQuery( " -{% endmacro %} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.html b/_build/html/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.html deleted file mode 100644 index e5a2b45..0000000 --- a/_build/html/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,503 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Introduction to the AWS Console — Internet2 Cloud Learning And Skills Sessions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Introduction to the AWS Console

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Overview

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Teaching: 15 mins

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Exercises: 5 mins

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  • How do I navigate the web console?

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Setup

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The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your username, temporary password and console login link.

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If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!

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Logging in to the console

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Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember!

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You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey!

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Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let’s take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console.

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Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

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Key concepts and components of the AWS console

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Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

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Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console.

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1. Services -: If you click on the dropdown menu labeled “Services” you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!

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2. Search bar -: You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. Internet2’s CLASS Core documentation provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a “virtual server”, you can try using the search bar to search for “EC2” which stands for “Elastic Cloud Compute” and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.

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3. IAM Username and Account -: The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account “4414-3982-1395”. In the creation of the IAM user “student1”, the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.

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4. Region -: AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is “Ohio”. This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use “Ohio” as the region.

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5. Quick links -: As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down.

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Exercise

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  • Why is IAM important?

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Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)

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Overview

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Teaching: 45 mins

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Exercises: 10 mins

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Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a “virtual server” or “virtual computer” is known as an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance; sometimes it’s called “EC2”, sometimes it’s called an “instance” to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon!

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In cloud jargon, the term elasticity denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS’s core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey.

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Let’s walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running.

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We begin with the AWS console again. Under the “Build a Solution” panel, select Launch a Virtual Machine

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Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

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This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a Free Tier EC2 instance up and running.

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AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. Click here for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] .

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There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail:

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1. Select an AMI

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An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem).

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To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says Free tier only.

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Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

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Scroll to Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type (Figure 3). Select 64-bit(x86).

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Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

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Step 2: Choose an Instance Type

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Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance.

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Instance types are group by families and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines.

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When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking.

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In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called EBS. EBS is the acronym for Elastic Block Storage and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS’s object storage which is discussed here. s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently.

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Here will will select a t2.micro instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is

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Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

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Select Next: Configure Instance Details.

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Step 3: Configure Instance Details

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Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance.

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Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

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Number of instances : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as ‘1’ but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region.

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Recall that we learned about regions in the previous chapter.

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Purchasing Options : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term Spot Instances. Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2’s CLASS Intermediate talks more

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Exercise

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  • What kind of information is contained in an AMI?

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Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups

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Overview

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Teaching: 45 mins

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Exercises: 10 mins

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Questions:

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  • What is an EC2 instance?

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  • When would I use an EC2 instance?

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  • Understand the concept of virtual servers.

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  • Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.

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Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a “virtual server” or “virtual computer” is known as an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance; sometimes it’s called “EC2”, sometimes it’s called an “instance” to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon!

-

In cloud jargon, the term elasticity denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS’s core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey.

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Let’s walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running.

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We begin with the AWS console again. Under the “Build a Solution” panel, select Launch a Virtual Machine

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Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

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This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a Free Tier EC2 instance up and running.

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Note

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AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. Click here for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] .

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There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail:

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  1. Select an AMI

  2. -
  3. Choose Instance Type

  4. -
  5. Configure Instance

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  10. -
  11. Configure Security Group

  12. -
  13. Review/Launch

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1. Select an AMI

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An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials.

-

As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem).

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To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says Free tier only.

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Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

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Scroll to Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type (Figure 3). Select 64-bit(x86).

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Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

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Step 2: Choose an Instance Type

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Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance.

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Instance types are group by families and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines.

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When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking.

-

In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called EBS. EBS is the acronym for Elastic Block Storage and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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Note

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The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS’s object storage which is discussed here. s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently.

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Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

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Select Next: Configure Instance Details and we’ll move on to the next chapter.

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Putting It All Together

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Is the Cloud Right for Me?

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Now that you have an idea of what cloud computing is, the question that is most pertinent to researchers is whether or not you should move your work to the cloud. The following chart outlines some fundamental questions to ask in your assessment:

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Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!

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Scalable computing is the ability to obtain more computers(horizontal scaling) and/or to obtain more powerful computers(vertical scaling)

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With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security.

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Other factors that will play in your decision to move to the cloud include knowing where common large datasets are hosted. The core idea in working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers should no longer bring their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but should instead bring their compute to the data! If you think about it, why spend hours on end to download data and find a place to store it when you can work directly with the data?

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If your collaborators are already working in the cloud i.e. hosting data on the cloud or building cloud-based workflows, it would also make sense for you to bring your work to the cloud. Go here for more on Open Science and Collaboration.

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Why not to migrate to the cloud?

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If you have already identified an adequate-to-your-needs computing environment like XSEDE or you already have the access to the resources you need, it just doesn’t make sense to migrate to the cloud!

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Using the public cloud requires a learning curve. Sometimes you may just simply not have the time or resources to do this important step. The CLASS program can help you overcome some of these hurdles, but you may prefer to spend your time learning other things or exploring other avenues and it just doesn’t seem worth it to invest your time in learning about the cloud.

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If you operate your computer(s) at a very high duty cycle i.e. you computer is constantly computing something and you have massive datasets that you work with frequently that is stored on-premise, the cloud may not be a very cost-effective option.

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Finally, if there is too much of an administrative drag preventing you from using the cloud (e.g. regulations and compliance such as HIPAA or FERPA), you may want to reconsider staying with your local infrastructure.

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In the next chapter, we will discuss the million dollar question: “But which cloud provider should I choose?!”

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Introduction to the AWS Console

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Overview

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Teaching: 15 mins

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Exercises: 5 mins

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Questions:

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  • How do I navigate the web console?

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Objectives:

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  • Log in to the AWS web console

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  • Navigate the AWS web console

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  • Recognize important information about your cloud environment

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Setup

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The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your username, temporary password and console login link.

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Be Aware

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If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!

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Logging in to the console

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Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember!

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You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey!

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Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let’s take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console.

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Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

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Key concepts and components of the AWS console

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Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

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Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console.

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1. Services -: If you click on the dropdown menu labeled “Services” you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!

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2. Search bar -: You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. Internet2’s CLASS Core documentation provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a “virtual server”, you can try using the search bar to search for “EC2” which stands for “Elastic Cloud Compute” and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.

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3. IAM Username and Account -: The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account “4414-3982-1395”. In the creation of the IAM user “student1”, the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.

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4. Region -: AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is “Ohio”. This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use “Ohio” as the region.

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5. Quick links -: As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down.

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Exercise

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  • Why is IAM important?

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Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)

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Overview

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Teaching: 45 mins

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Exercises: 10 mins

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Questions:

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  • When would I use an EC2 instance?

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  • How do I launch an EC2 instance?

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Objectives:

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  • Understand the concept of virtual servers.

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  • Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.

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Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a “virtual server” or “virtual computer” is known as an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance; sometimes it’s called “EC2”, sometimes it’s called an “instance” to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon!

-

In cloud jargon, the term elasticity denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS’s core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey.

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Let’s walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running.

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We begin with the AWS console again. Under the “Build a Solution” panel, select Launch a Virtual Machine

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Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

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This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a Free Tier EC2 instance up and running.

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-

Note

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AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. Click here for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] .

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There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail:

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  1. Select an AMI

  2. -
  3. Choose Instance Type

  4. -
  5. Configure Instance

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  7. Add Storage

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  9. Add Tags

  10. -
  11. Configure Security Group

  12. -
  13. Review/Launch

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1. Select an AMI

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An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem).

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To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says Free tier only.

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Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

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Scroll to Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type (Figure 3). Select 64-bit(x86).

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Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

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Step 2: Choose an Instance Type

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Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance.

-

Instance types are group by families and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines.

-

When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking.

-

In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called EBS. EBS is the acronym for Elastic Block Storage and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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Note

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The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS’s object storage which is discussed here. s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently.

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Here will will select a t2.micro instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is

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Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

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Select Next: Configure Instance Details.

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Step 3: Configure Instance Details

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Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance.

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Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

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Number of instances : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as ‘1’ but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region.

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Note

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Recall that we learned about regions in the previous chapter.

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Purchasing Options : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term Spot Instances. Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2’s CLASS Intermediate talks more

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Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups

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Overview

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Teaching: 45 mins

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Exercises: 10 mins

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Questions:

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  • What is an EC2 instance?

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  • When would I use an EC2 instance?

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  • How do I launch an EC2 instance?

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Objectives:

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  • Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.

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Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a “virtual server” or “virtual computer” is known as an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance; sometimes it’s called “EC2”, sometimes it’s called an “instance” to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon!

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In cloud jargon, the term elasticity denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS’s core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey.

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Let’s walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running.

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We begin with the AWS console again. Under the “Build a Solution” panel, select Launch a Virtual Machine

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Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

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This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a Free Tier EC2 instance up and running.

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Note

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AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. Click here for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] .

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There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail:

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  1. Select an AMI

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  3. Choose Instance Type

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  5. Configure Instance

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  7. Add Storage

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  9. Add Tags

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  11. Configure Security Group

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  13. Review/Launch

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1. Select an AMI

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An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem).

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To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says Free tier only.

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Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

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Scroll to Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type (Figure 3). Select 64-bit(x86).

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Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

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Step 2: Choose an Instance Type

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Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance.

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Instance types are group by families and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines.

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When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking.

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In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called EBS. EBS is the acronym for Elastic Block Storage and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials.

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Note

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The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS’s object storage which is discussed here. s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently.

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Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

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Select Next: Configure Instance Details and we’ll move on to the next chapter.

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Learner Questions

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Learning Objectives

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  • Login to the Google Cloud web console

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  • Find and verify important information about your cloud environment.

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The Who, What, and Where of the Cloud

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Before we get started we must first define, and find, a few key pieces of information about your environment that will be used throughout this lesson. This information is also important to ensure that this information is what you expect, otherwise you may use the wrong account or run or store things in the wrong place. It is important to be clear about these terms as they are often different in other cloud providers. We provide a glossary of GCP terms for your reference.

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Accounts (Authentication and Identity)

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The (Google) Account is the identity used to access the Google Cloud Platform web console and is in the form of an email address and is associated with an individual (the who is you!). This is typically the account you use to access Google services associated with your institution and not your personal account. This is the “Who” of the cloud. We will now login to the Google Cloud Platform web console and verify our account.

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  • Login to the web console with your (Google) Account by going to https://console.cloud.google.com/

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  • Login with your credentials if you have not done so already.

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  • Find your user/account under the “Avatar” in the top right (see below). -avatar-account and click on it if it is not the top one.

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  • If you do not see your account click on “Add Account” and repeat the previous step.

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The account list found under the avatar shows all the accounts that are logged in and the top one is the current active or selected account.

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Exercise

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Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:

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  • Are you logged into any other accounts?

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  • How do you know which account is being used?

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If you are not currently using the correct account, switch to it.

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Projects

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Almost everything you will do within Google Cloud Platform must be associated with a Project. This is the “Where” of the cloud. You must have at least one Project and you can manage multiple Projects within a single (Google) Account. Always make sure you are working in the correct project!

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To find more information and change project settings

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  • Click on the “Settings and Utilities button (kabob on the top right - see below) and then click on “Project Settings” -kabob-project

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    • The Project Name is the human friendly description and can be changed.

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    • The Project ID is set on project creation and cannot be changed. The Project ID is almost always used when specifying a project.

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    • The Project Number is used internally by Google Services and is usually used indirectly. It is a good idea to be able to recognize this number.

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For a Project to do anything useful it must also have an enabled Billing Account associated with it. An enabled Billing Account is a prerequisite for this lesson.

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A Project, just like the word, should be associated with a real world project (for example a research effort or grant, lab, or your Ph.D. Project. etc). For Drew, this will be the Acceleration Lab project. In this way it is easier to track and allocate costs and to manage permissions and access for resources within the project.

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The active project is also shown next to the project icon (three hexagons) and clicking it brings up the project selection dialog. The current project has a check mark and and the active project can be changed by clicking on the project name or double clicking the row. -select-project

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Exercise

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Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:

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  • What is the Project ID of that project?

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  • What is the Project Number of that project?

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  • Do you have multiple projects?

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  • How do you know which project you are currently using?

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If you are currently not using the correct project for this lesson, switch to the correct one.

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Services

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The web console is used to control and observe the cloud from the browser. It should only be used for simple and one-time tasks, exploring new services, accessing documentation, or for monitoring and debugging resources in the cloud. Programmatic control through the console, programming languages (for example Python), and other automation tools should be used for day to day activities to make the most out of the cloud and to help with the reproducibility of research and teaching.

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The Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) is used to navigate to the various products, which are also sometimes called services.

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hamburger-navigation

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  • Click on a product to navigate the product page

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  • You can pin frequently used items on the top of this page by clicking on the pin icon.

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  • Click the hamburger again to hide the Left Sidebar.

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All the different products and services are the “What” of the cloud. We will start with Cloud Storage in the next Episode.

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Everything Else

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If you did not already notice, every page on the GCP web console has a blue navigation bar at the top of the page. This can be used to quickly navigate to the page you need.

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blue-bar

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From left to right of the blue top navigation bar we have the following items (hover over the item with your mouse to see the name):

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  1. Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) allows you to go to each project and services page (shown below).

  2. -
  3. Dashboard (“Google Cloud Platform”) provides an overview of your project.

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    • Click it and note resources, billing, and platform Status

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    • This page is customizable and may look different.

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  5. Project selection button showing the current project name with a drop-down arrow.

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  7. Search bar - type in service or keywords

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    • Type in “Cloud Storage” and note results. Click to navigate to the Cloud Storage page.

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  9. Activate Cloud Shell (terminal icon) - start the Cloud Shell

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  11. Help (shown as a question) - quick link to documentation

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  13. Notifications (shown as a bell) - a dot indicates unread notifications

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  15. Settings and Utilities (often called the kabobb) - shortcut to project settings

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  17. Google Account (avatar at the far right) - verify and switch accounts.

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Exercise

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Before we move on, do the following:

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  • Take a moment to reflect on the “Who, What, and Where” of the cloud. Why is this important?

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Introduction to Cloud Compute (Google Compute Engine)

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Learner Questions

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  • How do I compute in the cloud?

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Learning Objectives:

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  • Allocate a virtual machine in Google Compute Engine.

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  • Choose a machine type based on the application.

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Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with compute, specifically a Virtual Machine, to process data in the cloud with a large and powerful machine to do the analysis.

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Google Compute Engine

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To learn more about the Google Compute Engine service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Virtual Machine. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts or configuration management systems should be used.

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Unfortunately, the terminology used for cloud computing differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Compute Engine uses the term VM instance to refer to a running virtual machine, image for the boot disk containing the operating system, and disk for the writable storage used for a running VM Instance.

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We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Compute Engine VM instance.

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Allocate a VM Instance

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We will first create an VM instance with defaults to explore the Google Compute Engine service.

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To create a bucket we do the following:

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  • Click Navigation Menu -> Compute Engine (under Compute) -> VM Instances -> +Create Bucket (just under the blue bar) to open the Create an instance page.

  • -
  • In the New VM instance tab on the left (selected by default) configure the VM instance as follows:

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    • For Region leave the default or select your “home” region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your “home” region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.

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    • For Zone leave the default (note how the name is constructed and that it is a separate data center).

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    • In the Machine configuration section:

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      • For Series select E2 (default). The other options are for types of machines.

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      • For Machine type select e2-medium (default)

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    • -
    • Leave the remaining options as default.

    • -
    • In the Identity and API access section note that for the Service Accounts -> Service account option that the Compute Engine default service account is selected. This allows the VM Instance to access and edit any resources in the project.

    • -
    -
  • -
  • Note the Monthly estimate in the right side panel. This is only for running the VM instance and does not include other storage, networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by running software. Click Details show a breakdown of the VM instance only costs.

  • -
  • Finally, click Create to create the VM Instance (allocate the resource).

  • -
-
-
-

Security

-

Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Ordinary we would configure and check security first but in the case of exploring services it is often easier to do things out of order. We noted that the VM instance was created with the Compute Engine default service account, which by default has access to all the resources that your Google Account does.

-

Specifically, we are interested in verifying what permissions that the Compute Engine default service account has for your VM instances . To do this navigate to the IAM page (Navigation Menu -> IAM & Admin -> IAM -> Permissions -> View By: Principals)

-

Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.

-

In the Name column you should see a row with Compute Engine default service account. Here you should see the Editor role in the Role column. A role is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The Editor role for a project will allow a VM instance to modify resources in the project. The principal for the Compute Engine default service account should start with the Project ID of your project. It is possible to create a custom service account with the appropriate roles for the VM Instance.

-

There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the IAM policy. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project).

-
-
-

Follow the Storage Allocation

-

Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the VM instance creation by examining at the project activity.

-

To view the project activity we do the following:

-
    -
  • Navigate to the project Dashboard by clicking on “Google Cloud Platform” on the left side of the top blue bar.

    -
      -
    • Select Activity tab just below the top blue bar.

    • -
    • Look for the row with Create VM on the top of the table. This shows that the VM Instance was created.

    • -
    • Expand the detail by clicking the down arrow on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist.

    • -
    -
  • -
-

Note that the activity is on the project, not the account.

-
-
-

Enumerate the VM Instances

-

To see an overview of resources in the project navigate to the dashboard and you will now see at least 1 instance in the resources card under Compute Engine.

-

Now lets find and connect to the VM Instance.

-
    -
  • Navigate to the Google Compute Engine page by clicking Navigation Menu -> Compute Engine (under Compute) -> Instances.

  • -
  • Find the VM instance you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them.

  • -
  • Click on the VM instance name to open the VM instance details (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the VM instance name).

  • -
-
-
-

Connect to the VM Instance

-

To connect to the VM Instance we will use the cloud shell in the web console. Open up a shell by clicking on the Activate Cloud Shell icon in the top blue bar if it is not already open.

-

We first verify that the cloud shell is using the correct identity and project id by looking at the welcome message and the prompt.

-

cloud-shell

-

To connect to the VM instance we enter the following command in the cloud shell:

-
gcloud compute ssh essentials-instance-1
-
-
-

If you have not used the cloud shell to connect to a VM Instance before you will probably be asked to create a new ssh key. The Compute Engine will use this key to allow you to access the VM instance in a secure manner. If this is the case you will see a message similar to the following:

-
WARNING: The private SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.
-WARNING: The public SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.
-WARNING: You do not have an SSH key for gcloud.
-WARNING: SSH keygen will be executed to generate a key.
-This tool needs to create the directory [/home/student231/.ssh] before
- being able to generate SSH keys.
-
-Do you want to continue (Y/n)?
-
-
-

Press enter to continue to create the key. You will see another message asking you for a passphrase, similar to the following:

-
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
-Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
-
-
-

Here you should enter a passphrase (a series of words) to protect the key. You will be asked to re-enter the passphrase as shown below:

-
Enter same passphrase again:
-
-
-

After successfully retyping the passphrase the key generation process will continue showing similar message as follows (the fingerprint and art will look different):

-
Your identification has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.
-Your public key has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.pub.
-The key fingerprint is:
-SHA256:D9yj1nZEUigahirvjkIFoCP7RfjDu67Ku88M7nHQftI student231@cs-748001990186-default-boost-r9phq
-The key's randomart image is:
-+---[RSA 2048]----+
-|o    .     ..    |
-|.. .. o . ..     |
-|+ o... o .. .    |
-|ooo=  .. . o     |
-|.+..=   S o .    |
-| o+..o   = o     |
-|.+.+.E  o + .    |
-|+.B o. . . .     |
-|=O**o            |
-+----[SHA256]-----+
-
-
-

The ssh key generation is now complete. This will only happen once for your account and you will start here on future connections.

-

At this point the command will attempt to connect to the VM Instance and will ask the following question:

-
Did you mean zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1] (Y/n)?  n
-
-
-

Answer “n”.

-

The command will now configure the instance to allow your ssh key and connect to it.

-
No zone specified. Using zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1].
-Updating project ssh metadata...working..Updated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/class-essentials-gcp-demo-1].
-Updating project ssh metadata...done.
-Waiting for SSH key to propagate.
-Warning: Permanently added 'compute.74517428106645607' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
-
-
-

Once connected you will see the machine login banner and prompt similar to the following:

-
Linux instance-1 4.19.0-17-cloud-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2021-07-18) x86_64
-
-The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
-the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
-individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
-
-Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
-permitted by applicable law.
-student231@essentials-instance-1:~$
-
-
-

Congratulations you have now created a VM Instance and connected to it.

-

Feel free to interact with the machine for a while and type

-
exit
-
-
-

when you are done.

-
-
-

Delete the Storage - Exercise

-

We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the VM Instance we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one.

-

Did you “Follow” the bucket by looking at the activity page?

-

Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we review by visiting the dashboard and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket.

-
-
-

References

-
    -
  • Compute Engine Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/iam

  • -
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- - -
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- -
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-

- - By Internet2 Research Engagement
- - © Copyright 2021.
-

-
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- - -
-
- - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.html b/_build/html/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.html deleted file mode 100644 index ab91fee..0000000 --- a/_build/html/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,850 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Introduction to the gcloud CLI — Internet2 Cloud Learning And Skills Sessions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Introduction to the gcloud CLI

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Learner Questions

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    -
  • How do I use the Cloud CLI?

  • -
  • How do I use gcloud?

  • -
-

Learning Objectives

-
    -
  • Find and use the “Cloud Shell” in the web console.

  • -
  • Use basic cloud CLI commands (gcloud and gsutil).

  • -
  • Verify basic settings.

  • -
  • Use environment variables for configuration.

  • -
  • Understand the importance of using variables for configuration.

  • -
  • Recognize the value of reproducibility and automation.

  • -
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Resources

-
    -
  • gcloud documentation: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud

  • -
  • gsutil documentation: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil

  • -
  • Instructions to install gcloud and gsutil on your local machine: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install

  • -
-
-

Cloud Automation

-

Now that Drew can create a bucket in the web console they wish to learn how to use tools to automate the process. Drew noticed that the web console could be used to upload and share objects but wishes to learn the command line so that they can automate the and document the process (it is much easier to document commands then describing and showing mouse clicks).

-

The cloud can be controlled using a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a programming language such as Python. Collectively these tools interact with the cloud over a Application Programming Interface (API) and this capability forms the basis of the cloud, the ability to control infrastructure programmatically.

-

Just as with navigating the web console it is important to know the who, what, and where of CLI access to reduce the possibility of access mistakes. We will first verify the tools are installed and configured correctly. Next we get the Account being used (who) and the Project ID of the active project (where) using the gcloud command. We will then use the gcloud and gsutil commands to list some public Buckets (what).

-

The gcloud command is used to control most aspects of GCP and the gsutil command is used to control Google Cloud Storage Buckets. To access the manual pages for a command just add --help to the end of the command or run gcloud help for more information.

-

When running CLI commands you may get a dialog box to authorize the command. You should “Authorize” the request to allow the Cloud Shell to access the Project using your (Google) Account.

-
-
-

Open a Cloud Shell

-

The Cloud Shell is an easy way to access Comand Line Interface (CLI) commands in a web browser. Under the hood Cloud Shell is Debian running in a container with 5GB of no-charge persistent storage with most of the Google uti and a lot of other useful tools (git, docker, jq, Docker, etc.) installed by default.

-

To use the Cloud Shell:

-
    -
  • Open up a Cloud Shell by clicking on the Activate Cloud Shell icon in the right side of the top blue bar. If a “Authorize Cloud Shell” dialog appears click “Authorize” to allow the Cloud Shell to access the project.

  • -
  • Click the Maximize icon on the right side of the Cloud Shell bar. You can find the correct icon by hovering over the icons to see their names.

  • -
  • If a shell is associated with a project it will show it in the tab and in yellow text in round parenthesis in the shell prompt. Verify the Project ID.

  • -
  • To open up a shell with a specific project click the “down arrow” icon next to the plus(+) to open a new tab with a specific project. Selecting the plus (+) will usually open up a shell with the default project.

  • -
  • Note: You can open the Cloud Shell in a new tab by clicking on icon Open in a New Window on the far right of the Cloud Shell bar.

  • -
-
-

Opening Cloud Shell in a Tab - Optional

-
    -
  • Click the Open in a New Window icon on the far left of the “Cloud Shell” tab on the bottom to open up in a separate tab. Hover the mouse over the icons to see their name/function. Note: you may need to allow popups or enable popups for this website depending on the browser you use. You can also pull up the tab to increase the shell screen size.

  • -
  • Click the “Close editor” button (the pencil icon in the top right of the window).

  • -
-
-
-

Advanced call-out

-

You can access the cloud shell from your laptop via gcloud cloud-shell ssh if you have the Google Cloud SDK installed. Installing the Google Cloud SDK will also allow you to run gcloud and gsutil commands directly from your laptop, workstation, or cluster. Pro-tip, you cannot use a service account to access the cloud shell.

-
-
-
-

Verify the Configuration (Who, What, Where)

-

First, let’s verify that the Account being used for access (who) is what we expect.

-
-
-
gcloud config get-value account
-
-
-
-
-
  File "<ipython-input-1-7ab2d4f4e215>", line 1
-    gcloud config get-value account
-           ^
-SyntaxError: invalid syntax
-
-
-
-
-

Next, show verify the active project (where).

-
-
-
gcloud config get-value project
-
-
-
-
-
Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]
-just-armor-301114
-
-
-
-
-

Now we will use gcloud to list a well known public bucket (what).

-
-
-
gcloud alpha storage ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat
-
-
-
-
-
gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/
-
-
-
-
-

Advanced Callout: The alpha (and beta) command allows us to access commands that have not been released for production and care should be taken when using these in a production environment. At this time this is not the recommended way to access storage buckets, but it does help verify that everything is working correctly.

-

Finally, we will verify that the separate and preferred gsutil command is installed and working by listing the same well known public bucket.

-
-
-
gsutil ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat
-
-
-
-
-
gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/
-gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

Environment Variables

-

When using the CLI you quickly notice that you have to enter many of the details, such as the Project ID, many times (Drew is also Dyslexic, which makes it even harder for them). Not only is this tedious, it also makes moving to another project or using another bucket difficult making reusability and collaboration painful. We will demonstrate the use environment variables to address this issue. Most cloud environments and tools rely heavily on this technique.

-

To make the point even clearer, we use environment variables in the Cloud Essentials notebooks instead of hard coding them, which makes it easy for anyone to run, use, and edit and thus collaborate and contribute to them!

-

We now demonstrate the basic use environment variables. As a reminder, environment variables are used to store configuration information that can be easily passed between programs and programming languages.

-
-
-
TEST=1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
echo $TEST
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-

Although we do not always need to, we should always enclose shell variables in double quotes and enclose the variable name in curly braces (funny things may happen otherwise). In most cases it is easier to do this every time than try to figure out when it is possible to use the short form. We only use the short form ($TEST) when it is used frequently and known to always work, in our case it is $PROJECT and $BUCKET. When in doubt, use the explicit form.

-

There are a number of environment variables already set that contain useful information, for example:

-
-
-
echo "${USER}"
-
-
-
-
-
student31
-
-
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-
-
-
-
echo "${HOSTNAME}"
-
-
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-
cs-730348008320-default-default-w724w
-
-
-
-
-

We can also use the output of commands to set values.

-
-
-
date
-
-
-
-
-
Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:54 PM UTC
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
echo "Date: $(date)"
-
-
-
-
-
Date: Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:55 PM UTC
-
-
-
-
-

Now lets combine all this to set the PROJECT environment variable to the default project so we do not need to use the actual value in future commands.

-
-
-
gcloud config get-value project
-
-
-
-
-
Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]
-just-armor-301114
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PROJECT="$(gcloud config get-value project)"
-
-
-
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-
Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
echo $PROJECT
-
-
-
-
-
just-armor-301114
-
-
-
-
-

Note the “Your active configuration is: …” line is a “warning” and not actually part of the output of the program.

-

Now use the PROJECT envrionment variable to get more information about the active project.

-
-
-
gcloud projects describe $PROJECT
-
-
-
-
-
createTime: '2021-01-08T14:17:35.831Z'
-lifecycleState: ACTIVE
-name: CLASS Project
-projectId: just-armor-301114
-projectNumber: '1002111293252'
-
-
-
-
-

Note the extraneous message about the active configuration produced by the gcloud config get-value project command. A slightly different way to access the data can be used to remove the extraneous message by using the following command:

-
-
-
gcloud config list
-
-
-
-
-
[accessibility]
-screen_reader = True
-[component_manager]
-disable_update_check = True
-[compute]
-gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec = 30
-[core]
-account = student31@class.internet2.edu
-disable_usage_reporting = True
-project = just-armor-301114
-[metrics]
-environment = devshell
-
-Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]
-
-
-
-
-

We can now use the --format='value()' option to get specific values. The following command returns the project number without the extraneous message.

-
-
-
gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)'
-
-
-
-
-
just-armor-301114
-
-
-
-
-

Note where the core part comes in the output of the gcloud config list command.

-
-
-
PROJECT="$(gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)')"
-echo $PROJECT
-
-
-
-
-
just-armor-301114
-
-
-
-
-

We will use this form from now on. Since we know the Project ID only contains numbers, letters, and dashes with no spaces there is no need to use quotes.

-
-
-

Exercise

-
    -
  • What command shows the project number? (hint: we used it already)

  • -
  • What is the name of this variable? (hint: it is case sensitive)

  • -
  • What command shows just the Project Number (hint: use --format)

  • -
  • Set the PROJECT_NUMBER environment variable with the correct value. (hint: be careful with punctuation (single and double quotes) and matching brackets and punctuation)

  • -
-
-
-

Advanced Call-Out: Formating Output.

-

The following example shows how to output the configuration as JSON. The command jq can also be used to parse the JSON data.

-
-
-
gcloud config list --format=json |jq
-
-
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-
{
-  "accessibility": {
-    "screen_reader": "True"
-  },
-  "component_manager": {
-    "disable_update_check": "True"
-  },
-  "compute": {
-    "gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec": "30"
-  },
-  "core": {
-    "account": "student31@class.internet2.edu",
-    "disable_usage_reporting": "True",
-    "project": "just-armor-301114"
-  },
-  "metrics": {
-    "environment": "devshell"
-  }
-}
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gcloud config list --format=json |jq -r .core.project
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just-armor-301114
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- - By Internet2 Research Engagement
- - © Copyright 2021.
-

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- - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/html/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.html b/_build/html/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.html deleted file mode 100644 index d1be668..0000000 --- a/_build/html/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,625 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Introduction to Google Cloud Storage — Internet2 Cloud Learning And Skills Sessions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Introduction to Google Cloud Storage

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Learner Questions

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Learning Objectives:

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  • Navigate the Google Cloud Storage service and terminology

  • -
  • Understand the roles and permissions needed to use Google Cloud Storage in projects

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  • Allocate storage in Google Cloud Storage

  • -
  • Find the cost estimator for Google Cloud Storage

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  • Recognize that resources have a “location”

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  • Recognize danger of public access

  • -
  • De-allocate Google Cloud Storage storage

  • -
-

Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with storage. Data is usually the center of a research project and it makes sense to start here.

-

One of the most common and economic ways to store data in the cloud is to use object storage. In GCP object storage is called Google Cloud Storage, which is similar to the Simple Storage Service, also known as S3, on Amazon Web Services (AWS). For object storage, information is stored as a collection of key-value pairs.

-
-

Google Cloud Storage

-

To learn more about the Google Cloud Storage service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Bucket. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts and programming languages should be used.

-

Unfortunately, the terminology used for object storage differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Cloud Storage uses the terms Bucket and Object. Data is stored in Objects and Objects are stored in Buckets. Objects (data) are stored as a key-value pair, which is similar to a Python dictionary but persistent. Values are stored and retrieved using a unique key and the value can contain any information (more on this later).

-

We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Cloud Storage bucket.

-
-
-

Security

-

Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Let’s first verify that we have the permissions to create a bucket. A Bucket (a resource) is created within a project and inheres permissions from it.

-

We are interested in what permissions that your account has for your project. To do this navigate to the IAM page (Navigation Menu -> IAM & Admin -> IAM -> Permissions -> View By: Principals). This shows the permissions for the project.

-

Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.

-

You should see a row with your account shown in the Principal column. Here you should see the “Owner” Role in the Role column. A role is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The Owner or the Storage Admin role for a project will allow you to create, access, and delete Buckets in the project.

-

There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the IAM policy. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project).

-
-
-

Allocate Google Cloud Storage

-

Now that we have verified the permissions we can now create a bucket. Buckets are where objects are stored and have a globally unique name.

-

To create a bucket we do the following:

-
    -
  • Click Navigation Menu -> Cloud Storage (under Storage) -> Browser -> +Create Bucket (just under the blue bar) to open the Create a bucket page.

  • -
  • In Name your bucket:

    -
      -
    • For Name, enter a globally unique name for the bucket (example “essentials-test-myname-2021-01-01”)

    • -
    • Click Continue

    • -
    -
  • -
  • In Choose where to store your data:

    -
      -
    • For Location Type select Region (cheapest and fastest)

    • -
    • For Location leave the default or select your “home” region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your “home” region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.

    • -
    • Click Continue

    • -
    -
  • -
  • In Choose a default storage class for your data:

    -
      -
    • Select Standard (default). The other options are for long-term storage.

    • -
    • Click Continue

    • -
    -
  • -
  • In Choose how to control access to objects:

    -
      -
    • Under Prevent Public Access check “Enforce public access prevention on this bucket”. This will try to prevent others from accessing your data.

    • -
    • Under Access Control Select Uniform (default). Uniform permissions are on the entire Bucket. Fine-grained permissions are on the objects.

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    • Select Continue

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Follow the Storage Allocation

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Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the bucket creation by examining at the project activity.

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To view the project activity we do the following:

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Enumerate the Buckets

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Now lets find and examine the bucket. To view a bucket we do the following:

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Navigate to the dashboard and you will now see at least 1 bucket in the resources card under storage.

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Review what is Important

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It is always important to review what is important to you. It may be cost, or keeping the data secure. Later on we will show how to monitor overall costs.

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For Drew, we will review that the bucket public access is not public by doing the following:

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Delete the Storage - Exercise

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We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the bucket we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one.

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Did you “Follow” the bucket by looking at the activity page?

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Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we review by visiting the dashboard and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket.

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Discussion

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  • Why do you think we use this framework?

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Resources in Google Cloud Platform - Optional

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Even though we only covered the Google Cloud Storage service in this episode, this process can be used for other resources allocated in the cloud. The term resource is used for the “things” that live in a Project, such as compute, storage, and networking and other services. Resources have the following characteristics:

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  • Resources live in a machine somewhere, and usually specify a location (Region and Zone).

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  • Resources have a beginning, middle, and an end. Don’t forget the end. Have a plan!

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References

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  • API reference https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/reference/libraries

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  • Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/iam-permissions

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Putting It All Together

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Monitoring Costs

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Cleaning Up Resources

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Cloud Computing for Research

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Overview

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Teaching: 5 mins

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Exercises: 0 mins

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Questions:

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  • What is cloud computing for research?

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Objectives:

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  • Understand the basics of what the cloud is.

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  • Understand the benefits of utilizing the cloud for research.

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Background

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Cloud computing is an on-demand computing resource that is scalable and follows a pay-as-you-go model. Instead of a singular data center or super-computing center, large cloud providers have data centers spanning multiple locations. The largest cloud computing providers are Microsoft (Azure), Amazon (Amazon Web Services, AWS) and Google (Google Cloud Platform, GCP). Together, they are often referred to as “public” or “commercial” cloud providers.

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In contrast to buying your own desktop or laptop computer, a cluster of machines, or with buying external storage devices (such as a RAID, redundant array of independent disks), cloud computing allows you to provision computing and storage on machines that only available to you through an intermediated interface (such as a web-browser or through ssh). Simply put, cloud computing is a delivery of computing services over the Internet.

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Benefits of the Cloud for Research

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Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!

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With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security.

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A Change in Paradigm

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Working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers are no longer bringing their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but are instead bring their compute to the data. Cloud computing constitutes a learning curve including knowing cloud vocabulary and understanding the best practices to accelerate your research workflow, optimize costs and ensure security of your cloud architecture.

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Drew’s Pipeline

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Drew Anders is an ecologist who works on understanding how much boreal Arctic lakes are greening under current climate conditions. To assess this, Drew needs to process 158.6TB (150 scenes) of satellite imagery from a cloud-hosted storage bucket and extract Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. Drew is currently using the departmental computing server to download and process the data using a Python script, process_sat.py and is uploading the processed data to an FTP server to share with collaborators.

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Unfortunately, the departmental server is running out of storage space and the processing units have insufficient memory to process the data. Drew has calculated that with the departmental server, the wall clock time to download, process and analyze the data would take 48 days. Drew has to publish a paper by the end of the month for a special issue of “Ecology Outsphere Today”. Further, Drew needs to make processed data available to reviewers of the publication and to collaborators.

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After speaking with the deparmental IT administrator, Drew has decided to explore cloud computing as a means for scalability (increasing computational power), data storage, and to reduce the time to publication. Drew’s PI has a approved a small amount of money to be spent on a prototype, with potential for turning a successful cloud-based workflow into a grant proposal.

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Over the next few lessons in the CLASS Essentials course, Drew will learn how to:

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  1. Utilize cloud compute to increase processing speed and memory and reduce wall clock time

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  3. Utilize cloud storage buckets to store and retrieve data

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  5. Run process_sat.py on cloud compute and retrieve data directly from cloud storage

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  7. Monitor costs and understand best practices for working on the cloud

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Internet2 CLASS Essentials

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The Internet2 CLASS Essentials program will introduce you to compute and storage on three major cloud providers: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). The following image outlines the story arc and components that you will learn through a series of hands-on, interactive tutorials:

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_images/class-essentials-story.svg

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In CLASS Essentials, you will learn how to:

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  1. Log in and navigate the cloud console

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  3. Create a cloud computing instance and understand the the components of cloud compute

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  5. Create a cloud storage bucket

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  9. Monitor costs

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  11. Clean up your resources and utilize best practices for developing research workflows on the cloud

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Prerequisites

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Cloud Account

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If you are taking the CLASS Essentials Workshop offered by Internet2, cloud accounts will be provisioned for you as part of that class. Information on your account and further set up will be sent to you after registration.

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For self-paced learning, you will need an institutional account, an agency-funded account (e.g. via Cloudbank), or a personal cloud account. Please note that we are unable to support or troubleshoot problems or errors that occur for self-paced learning.

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Knowledge of a POSIX compliant shell, such as bash, zsh, etc.

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You will be using a bash shell to securely log on to a virtual machine and to run some analysis. As such, you will need to have a command line shell installed on your computer. Please follow the instructions here. For further information on the UNIX Shell, please see the UNIX Shell Lesson on Software Carpentry.

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CLASS Cloud Adoption Framework

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Attention

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Cloud computing is a utility. Since you pay for the resources you use, it can be very cost-effective, but can also be very costly if you don’t manage it carefully!

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The CLASS Cloud Adoption Framework is a collection of documentation, best practices, tutorials, workflows, and cloud adoption pathways built by researchers and research and data (RCD) professionals for researchers and RCD professionals. In “adopting” the cloud, the onus is on users to manage costs, to understand the myriad cloud computing jargon, and to rethink how to adapt traditional workflows to a more “cloud-native” solution.

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More Resources

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If you are new to cloud computing for research, you may want to begin with CLASS Core: A Primer to Cloud Computing for Research.

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Issues

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Please create a Github issue or contact -mailto:class@internet2.edu?subject=Question%20about%20CLASS-Essentials-AWS if you have questions, suggestions or comments.

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Acknowledgements

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Content for this site was put together by the Research Engagement team at Internet2. Find out more here!

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Markdown Files

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What are roles and directives?

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Roles and directives are two of the most powerful tools in Jupyter Book. They -are kind of like functions, but written in a markup language. They both -serve a similar purpose, but roles are written in one line, whereas -directives span many lines. They both accept different kinds of inputs, -and what they do with those inputs depends on the specific role or directive -that is being called.

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Using a directive

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At its simplest, you can insert a directive into your book’s content like so:

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This will only work if a directive with name mydirectivename already exists -(which it doesn’t). There are many pre-defined directives associated with -Jupyter Book. For example, to insert a note box into your content, you can -use the following directive:

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This results in:

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Note

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Here is a note

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In your built book.

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For more information on writing directives, see the -MyST documentation.

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Using a role

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Roles are very similar to directives, but they are less-complex and written -entirely on one line. You can insert a role into your book’s content with -this pattern:

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Again, roles will only work if rolename is a valid role’s name. For example, -the doc role can be used to refer to another page in your book. You can -refer directly to another page by its relative path. For example, the -role syntax {doc}`intro` will result in: Internet2 CLASS Essentials.

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For more information on writing roles, see the -MyST documentation.

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Adding a citation

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You can also cite references that are stored in a bibtex file. For example, -the following syntax: {cite}`holdgraf_evidence_2014` will render like -this: [HdHPK14].

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Moreover, you can insert a bibliography into your page with this syntax: -The {bibliography} directive must be used for all the {cite} roles to -render properly. -For example, if the references for your book are stored in references.bib, -then the bibliography is inserted with:

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Resulting in a rendered bibliography that looks like:

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HdHPK14
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Christopher Ramsay Holdgraf, Wendy de Heer, Brian N. Pasley, and Robert T. Knight. Evidence for Predictive Coding in Human Auditory Cortex. In International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience. Brisbane, Australia, Australia, 2014. Frontiers in Neuroscience.

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Executing code in your markdown files

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If you’d like to include computational content inside these markdown files, -you can use MyST Markdown to define cells that will be executed when your -book is built. Jupyter Book uses jupytext to do this.

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First, add Jupytext metadata to the file. For example, to add Jupytext metadata -to this markdown page, run this command:

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jupyter-book myst init markdown.md
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Once a markdown file has Jupytext metadata in it, you can add the following -directive to run the code at build time:

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When your book is built, the contents of any {code-cell} blocks will be -executed with your default Jupyter kernel, and their outputs will be displayed -in-line with the rest of your content.

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For more information about executing computational content with Jupyter Book, -see The MyST-NB documentation.

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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 2a4cfac..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS Console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 15 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* How do I navigate the web console?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Log in to the AWS web console\n", - "* Navigate the AWS web console\n", - "* Recognize important information about your cloud environment\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "acf07f2b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Setup\n", - "\n", - "The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Be Aware\n", - ":class: danger\n", - "If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "### Logging in to the console\n", - "Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! \n", - "\n", - "You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! \n", - "\n", - "Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "930220c5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Key concepts and components of the AWS console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "22bf4b20", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "**1. Services**\n", - ": If you click on the dropdown menu labeled \"Services\" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!\n", - "\n", - "**2. Search bar**\n", - ": You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a \"virtual server\", you can try using the search bar to search for \"EC2\" which stands for \"Elastic Cloud Compute\" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.\n", - "\n", - "**3. IAM Username and Account**\n", - ": The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account \"4414-3982-1395\". In the creation of the IAM user \"student1\", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.\n", - "\n", - "**4. Region**\n", - ": AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is \"Ohio\". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use \"Ohio\" as the region. \n", - "\n", - "**5. Quick links** \n", - ": As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b2240a49", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What is your IAM username? \n", - "* Why is IAM important?\n", - "* What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console?\n", - "````" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "b8fab5e4", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9068015..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to the AWS Console -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 15 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 5 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * How do I navigate the web console? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Log in to the AWS web console -# * Navigate the AWS web console -# * Recognize important information about your cloud environment -# -# ``` - -# - -# ### Setup -# -# The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. -# -# ```{admonition} Be Aware -# :class: danger -# If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different! -# ``` -# -# ### Logging in to the console -# Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! -# -# You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! -# -# Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

- -# ### Key concepts and components of the AWS console -# -# -#
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

-# - -# Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. -# -# **1. Services** -# : If you click on the dropdown menu labeled "Services" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently! -# -# **2. Search bar** -# : You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a "virtual server", you can try using the search bar to search for "EC2" which stands for "Elastic Cloud Compute" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers. -# -# **3. IAM Username and Account** -# : The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account "4414-3982-1395". In the creation of the IAM user "student1", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud. -# -# **4. Region** -# : AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is "Ohio". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use "Ohio" as the region. -# -# **5. Quick links** -# : As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. -# - -# ```{admonition} Exercise -# :class: attention -# -# * What is your IAM username? -# * Why is IAM important? -# * What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console? -# ```` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index df8c49f..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```.\n", - "\n", - "## Step 3: Configure Instance Details\n", - "Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

\n", - "\n", - "**Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "**Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9c874bad", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What kind of information is contained in an AMI? \n", - "* How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs?\n", - "````" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8d30ea9..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 45 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 10 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * What is an EC2 instance? -# * When would I use an EC2 instance? -# * How do I launch an EC2 instance? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Understand the concept of virtual servers. -# * Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is. -# -# ``` - -# Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a "virtual server" or "virtual computer" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called "EC2", sometimes it's called an "instance" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! -# -# In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. -# -# -# Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. -# - -# We begin with the AWS console again. Under the "Build a Solution" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine` -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

-# -# This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# -# AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . -# ``` -# -# There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: -# 1. Select an AMI -# 2. Choose Instance Type -# 3. Configure Instance -# 4. Add Storage -# 5. Add Tags -# 6. Configure Security Group -# 7. Review/Launch - -# ## 1. Select an AMI -# -# An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). -# -# To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

-# -# Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

- -# ## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type -# -# Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. -# -# Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. -# -# When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. -# -# In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. -# ``` -# -# Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is - -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

-# -# Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```. -# -# ## Step 3: Configure Instance Details -# Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. -# -# -# -#
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

-# -# **Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). -# ``` -# -# **Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more - -# ```{admonition} Exercise -# :class: attention -# -# * What kind of information is contained in an AMI? -# * How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs? -# ```` diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index f8ebd35..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py deleted file mode 100644 index 02a3bdf..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 45 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 10 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * What is an EC2 instance? -# * When would I use an EC2 instance? -# * How do I launch an EC2 instance? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Understand the concept of virtual servers. -# * Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is. -# -# ``` - -# Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a "virtual server" or "virtual computer" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called "EC2", sometimes it's called an "instance" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! -# -# In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. -# -# -# Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. -# - -# We begin with the AWS console again. Under the "Build a Solution" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine` -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

-# -# This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# -# AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . -# ``` -# -# There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: -# 1. Select an AMI -# 2. Choose Instance Type -# 3. Configure Instance -# 4. Add Storage -# 5. Add Tags -# 6. Configure Security Group -# 7. Review/Launch - -# ## 1. Select an AMI -# -# An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). -# -# To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

-# -# Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

- -# ## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type -# -# Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. -# -# Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. -# -# When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. -# -# In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. -# ``` -# - -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

-# -# Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 8b7365d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS CLI\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1249b37..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to the AWS CLI -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index da40811..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0a6d2d6..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to Cloud Storage -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 54932b3..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.py deleted file mode 100644 index 28ee575..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/06_running_analysis.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Putting It All Together -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5e54ae0..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.py deleted file mode 100644 index a8fedbf..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Monitoring Costs -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 4739034..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6de0fa4..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Cleaning Up Resources -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 62d7d3d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1b6fcbc0", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Is the Cloud Right for Me?\n", - "\n", - "Now that you have an idea of what cloud computing is, the question that is most pertinent to researchers is whether or not you ***should*** move your work to the cloud. The following chart outlines some fundamental questions to ask in your assessment: \n", - "\n", - "
\n", - "\n", - "Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!\n", - "\n", - "```{note}\n", - "Scalable computing is the ability to obtain more computers(horizontal scaling) and/or to obtain more powerful computers(vertical scaling)\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "Other factors that will play in your decision to move to the cloud include knowing where common large datasets are hosted. The core idea in working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers should no longer bring their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but should instead bring their compute to the data! If you think about it, why spend hours on end to download data and find a place to store it when you can work directly with the data?\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "If your collaborators are already working in the cloud i.e. hosting data on the cloud or building cloud-based workflows, it would also make sense for you to bring your work to the cloud. Go here for more on Open Science and Collaboration.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "## Why *not* to migrate to the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "If you have already identified an adequate-to-your-needs computing environment like XSEDE or you already have the access to the resources you need, it just doesn't make sense to migrate to the cloud!\n", - "\n", - "Using the public cloud requires a learning curve. Sometimes you may just simply not have the time or resources to do this important step. The CLASS program can help you overcome some of these hurdles, but you may prefer to spend your time learning other things or exploring other avenues and it just doesn't seem worth it to invest your time in learning about the cloud. \n", - "\n", - "If you operate your computer(s) at a very high duty cycle i.e. you computer is constantly computing something and you have massive datasets that you work with frequently that is stored on-premise, the cloud may not be a very cost-effective option. \n", - "\n", - "Finally, if there is too much of an administrative drag preventing you from using the cloud (e.g. regulations and compliance such as HIPAA or FERPA), you may want to reconsider staying with your local infrastructure. \n", - "\n", - "In the next chapter, we will discuss the million dollar question: \"But which cloud provider should I choose?!\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "1ddad00f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.py deleted file mode 100644 index eb79c3d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/images/is_the_cloud_right.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Is the Cloud Right for Me? -# -# Now that you have an idea of what cloud computing is, the question that is most pertinent to researchers is whether or not you ***should*** move your work to the cloud. The following chart outlines some fundamental questions to ask in your assessment: -# -#
-# -# Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it! -# -# ```{note} -# Scalable computing is the ability to obtain more computers(horizontal scaling) and/or to obtain more powerful computers(vertical scaling) -# ``` -# -# With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security. -# -# -# Other factors that will play in your decision to move to the cloud include knowing where common large datasets are hosted. The core idea in working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers should no longer bring their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but should instead bring their compute to the data! If you think about it, why spend hours on end to download data and find a place to store it when you can work directly with the data? -# -# -# If your collaborators are already working in the cloud i.e. hosting data on the cloud or building cloud-based workflows, it would also make sense for you to bring your work to the cloud. Go here for more on Open Science and Collaboration. -# -# -# ## Why *not* to migrate to the cloud? -# -# If you have already identified an adequate-to-your-needs computing environment like XSEDE or you already have the access to the resources you need, it just doesn't make sense to migrate to the cloud! -# -# Using the public cloud requires a learning curve. Sometimes you may just simply not have the time or resources to do this important step. The CLASS program can help you overcome some of these hurdles, but you may prefer to spend your time learning other things or exploring other avenues and it just doesn't seem worth it to invest your time in learning about the cloud. -# -# If you operate your computer(s) at a very high duty cycle i.e. you computer is constantly computing something and you have massive datasets that you work with frequently that is stored on-premise, the cloud may not be a very cost-effective option. -# -# Finally, if there is too much of an administrative drag preventing you from using the cloud (e.g. regulations and compliance such as HIPAA or FERPA), you may want to reconsider staying with your local infrastructure. -# -# In the next chapter, we will discuss the million dollar question: "But which cloud provider should I choose?!" - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 8bc1555..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Amazon Web Services (AWS)\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the AWS Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the AWS CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.py deleted file mode 100644 index 42a396d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Amazon Web Services (AWS) -# -# The modules in this lesson are: -# -# 1. [Introduction to the AWS Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console) -# 2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1) -# 3. [Introduction to the AWS CLI](./04_intro_to_cli) -# 4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage) -# 5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis) -# 6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs) -# 7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources) diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 2a4cfac..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS Console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 15 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* How do I navigate the web console?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Log in to the AWS web console\n", - "* Navigate the AWS web console\n", - "* Recognize important information about your cloud environment\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "acf07f2b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Setup\n", - "\n", - "The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Be Aware\n", - ":class: danger\n", - "If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different!\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "### Logging in to the console\n", - "Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! \n", - "\n", - "You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! \n", - "\n", - "Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "930220c5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Key concepts and components of the AWS console\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "22bf4b20", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. \n", - "\n", - "**1. Services**\n", - ": If you click on the dropdown menu labeled \"Services\" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently!\n", - "\n", - "**2. Search bar**\n", - ": You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a \"virtual server\", you can try using the search bar to search for \"EC2\" which stands for \"Elastic Cloud Compute\" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers.\n", - "\n", - "**3. IAM Username and Account**\n", - ": The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account \"4414-3982-1395\". In the creation of the IAM user \"student1\", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud.\n", - "\n", - "**4. Region**\n", - ": AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is \"Ohio\". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use \"Ohio\" as the region. \n", - "\n", - "**5. Quick links** \n", - ": As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b2240a49", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What is your IAM username? \n", - "* Why is IAM important?\n", - "* What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console?\n", - "````" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "b8fab5e4", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9068015..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to the AWS Console -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 15 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 5 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * How do I navigate the web console? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Log in to the AWS web console -# * Navigate the AWS web console -# * Recognize important information about your cloud environment -# -# ``` - -# - -# ### Setup -# -# The console is the point of entry where you will start your AWS journey. If you are participating in the CLASS Essentials Workshop, you will have received a csv file via email. This csv file contains your **username**, **temporary password** and **console login link**. -# -# ```{admonition} Be Aware -# :class: danger -# If you are doing self-paced learning, your login information may be different! -# ``` -# -# ### Logging in to the console -# Paste your console login link into your web browser. You will see the AWS site requesting you to sign in as an IAM user. Fill in your username and password that was assigned to you in the csv file. You will be asked to change your password the first time you sign in to the console. Fill in your old password and then choose a new password that you can remember! -# -# You are now logged on. Welcome to the first step of your cloud journey! -# -# Figure 1 is what your screen should look like when you log in to the AWS console for the first time. If you encounter any pop up boxes, you can exit them. Next, let's take a closer look at some key concepts and components of the AWS console. -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: First time logging in to the AWS console

- -# ### Key concepts and components of the AWS console -# -# -#
Figure 2: Basic but important components of the AWS Console

-# - -# Figure 2 lists the basic components you will see when you first log in to the AWS console. -# -# **1. Services** -# : If you click on the dropdown menu labeled "Services" you will see the entire list of services that is offered by AWS. Currently, AWS has over 200 services ranging from compute to machine learning to networking to data storage. The list grows frequently! -# -# **2. Search bar** -# : You can also use the search bar to find a particular service or offering that you are interested in. Cloud vendors have proprietary vocabulary or jargon, so it is often useful to be aware of those as you start exploring more in your cloud adoption journey. [Internet2's CLASS Core documentation](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/vendor_vocabulary.html) provides a basic list of vendor specific cloud terminology. For example, if you wanted to provision or utilize a "virtual server", you can try using the search bar to search for "EC2" which stands for "Elastic Cloud Compute" and is the AWS vocabulary for virtual computers. -# -# **3. IAM Username and Account** -# : The menu bar on the console also lists your IAM username and account number. IAM is short for Identity and Access Management. Identity is a mechanism to authenticate users (e.g. password) and Access is a mechanism for authorizing what kinds of services users have access to. For example, in this scenario, student1 is an IAM user on the account "4414-3982-1395". In the creation of the IAM user "student1", the administrator (overlord) of the account assigned a particular permission scope (in AWS this is known as roles) to ensure that student1 only has access to a particular set of services and also assigned a password to authenticate user login. IAM is a key component in managing security on the cloud. -# -# **4. Region** -# : AWS (and most cloud providers) uses the term region to denote the physical location of the data center(s) you are building your cloud service(s) in. Here we see that the region is "Ohio". This literally means that as you develop some of your AWS components like compute and storage, the physical location of your server and data is in the state of Ohio! Regions are important to know and understand for two major reasons: costs and latency. Transferring data between regions in AWS incurs what is known as a inter-region data fee (roughly $0.16/GB as of 2021). If you work with larger datasets, you may find that data transfer speeds (e.g. downloading, processing data, etc.) in different regions can occur more slowly due to something called latency. For the sake of optimizing costs and minimizing latency, you are encouraged to choose a region that is closest to you and your cloud data. For the CLASS Essentials Workshop, we will use "Ohio" as the region. -# -# **5. Quick links** -# : As you work more frequently on the console, your frequently used services will pop up on your console, and you can also access the entire suite of AWS services via the All Services drop down. -# - -# ```{admonition} Exercise -# :class: attention -# -# * What is your IAM username? -# * Why is IAM important? -# * What are the three ways you can find an AWS service on the console? -# ```` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index df8c49f..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```.\n", - "\n", - "## Step 3: Configure Instance Details\n", - "Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

\n", - "\n", - "**Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "**Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9c874bad", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{admonition} Exercise\n", - ":class: attention\n", - "\n", - "* What kind of information is contained in an AMI? \n", - "* How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs?\n", - "````" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8d30ea9..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 45 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 10 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * What is an EC2 instance? -# * When would I use an EC2 instance? -# * How do I launch an EC2 instance? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Understand the concept of virtual servers. -# * Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is. -# -# ``` - -# Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a "virtual server" or "virtual computer" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called "EC2", sometimes it's called an "instance" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! -# -# In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. -# -# -# Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. -# - -# We begin with the AWS console again. Under the "Build a Solution" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine` -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

-# -# This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# -# AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . -# ``` -# -# There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: -# 1. Select an AMI -# 2. Choose Instance Type -# 3. Configure Instance -# 4. Add Storage -# 5. Add Tags -# 6. Configure Security Group -# 7. Review/Launch - -# ## 1. Select an AMI -# -# An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). -# -# To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

-# -# Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

- -# ## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type -# -# Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. -# -# Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. -# -# When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. -# -# In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. -# ``` -# -# Here will will select a ```t2.micro``` instance which is Free Tier Eligible but only has 1vCPU and 1 GiB of memory. The cost of running a t2.micro instance is - -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

-# -# Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details```. -# -# ## Step 3: Configure Instance Details -# Step 3 in creating an EC2 instance involves a rudimentary understanding of several key AWS and cloud jargon (Figure 4). While delving deeper into some of the terminology is outside of the scope of CLASS Essentials, we go will through these terms in brief as we learn how to configure your EC2 instance. -# -# -# -#
Figure 4: Step 3 - Configure Instance Details

-# -# **Number of instances** : This indicates how many instances you want to create at the same time. Here, we will leave the value as '1' but in actuality, you can can have up to 20 instances per region. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# Recall that we learned about regions in the [previous chapter](./intro_to_cloud_console). -# ``` -# -# **Purchasing Options** : Throughout your AWS journey, you will hear the term [**Spot Instances**](). Spot instances make use of the servers that go unused in AWS data centers to minimize costs. Recall that AWS has many data centers spread across the globe and not all their servers are utilized at 100% capacity at all times. Amazon uses Spot Instances as a flexible way to profit from extra capacity. Users have access to Spot Instances through a bidding process, sometimes users can save up to 90% off the on-deman compute instance this way! We will not expand much more on Spot Instances in CLASS Essentials but if you are interested, I2's CLASS Intermediate talks more - -# ```{admonition} Exercise -# :class: attention -# -# * What kind of information is contained in an AMI? -# * How do Spot Instances help you optimize costs? -# ```` diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index f8ebd35..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 45 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 10 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is an EC2 instance?\n", - "* When would I use an EC2 instance?\n", - "* How do I launch an EC2 instance?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the concept of virtual servers.\n", - "* Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a \"virtual server\" or \"virtual computer\" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called \"EC2\", sometimes it's called an \"instance\" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! \n", - "\n", - "In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. \n", - " \n", - "\n", - "Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bc5d082d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We begin with the AWS console again. Under the \"Build a Solution\" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine`\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

\n", - "\n", - "This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "\n", - "AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . \n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: \n", - "1. Select an AMI\n", - "2. Choose Instance Type\n", - "3. Configure Instance \n", - "4. Add Storage\n", - "5. Add Tags\n", - "6. Configure Security Group\n", - "7. Review/Launch" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "b9809503", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## 1. Select an AMI\n", - "\n", - "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). \n", - "\n", - "To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

\n", - "\n", - "Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "17597535", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type\n", - "\n", - "Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. \n", - "\n", - "Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. \n", - "\n", - "When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. \n", - "\n", - "In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. \n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Note\n", - ":class: note\n", - "The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. \n", - "```\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4ee655a3", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "\n", - "
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

\n", - "\n", - "Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py deleted file mode 100644 index 02a3bdf..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Instance Storage, Tags & Security Groups -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 45 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 10 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * What is an EC2 instance? -# * When would I use an EC2 instance? -# * How do I launch an EC2 instance? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Understand the concept of virtual servers. -# * Understand what an Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance is. -# -# ``` - -# Recall that the two fundamental components of cloud computing is compute and storage. On AWS, a "virtual server" or "virtual computer" is known as an **Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instance**; sometimes it's called "EC2", sometimes it's called an "instance" to denote that the ability to build and terminate this server instantaneously, but they all mean the same thing. An EC2 instance is no different from a server that sits under your desk, or your local departmental cluster, or even your local HPC cluster. You even boot up an EC2 instance through the web console, install software and then shut down your instance just like you would a real computer, except that Amazon takes care of the physical machinery while you are in charge of process of creating the computer. In some sense, you can think of utilizing an EC2 instance as renting a server or computer from Amazon! -# -# In cloud jargon, the term **elasticity** denotes the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. In that way, you can expand the size of your CPU, RAM and disk size on your EC2 instance almost instantenously. Since EC2 forms the backbone of most of AWS's core infrastructure, it is an important part of your cloud journey. -# -# -# Let's walk through some of the steps on getting an EC2 instance up and running. -# - -# We begin with the AWS console again. Under the "Build a Solution" panel, select `Launch a Virtual Machine` -# -# -# -#
Figure 1: Start page for the AWS console

-# -# This will then lead you through a series of steps to get a **Free Tier** EC2 instance up and running. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# -# AWS Free Tier refers to several of the services that AWS offers to help users gain more hands on experience on the AWS platform without being charged. [Click here](https://aws.amazon.com/free/?all-free-tier.sort-by=item.additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Types=*all&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categories=*all) for more info about the AWS Free Tier [external link] . -# ``` -# -# There are 7 steps to walk through to create a new EC2 instance; we will go through each in detail: -# 1. Select an AMI -# 2. Choose Instance Type -# 3. Configure Instance -# 4. Add Storage -# 5. Add Tags -# 6. Configure Security Group -# 7. Review/Launch - -# ## 1. Select an AMI -# -# An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that Amazon uses to describe the operating system, disk type and all the software configuration that is needed to make sure a computer runs smoothly. Imagine that you are purchasing a new laptop; fresh out of the box, the laptop is pre-configured with an operating system (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc.), configuration files that tells the laptop what peripherals are attached, and pre-installed software like Adobe PDF reader. An AMI contains all this information so that your EC2 instance runs exactly like it would a new laptop out of the box! There is much more to learn about AMIs and how they can used for collaboration and data sharing but that is not within the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# As you scroll through the AMI list (Figure 2) you will notice that the list contains offerings from various vendors (e.g. Amazon, RedHat, Windows, etc.). We will be choosing the Ubuntu operating system for flexibility and versatility (can be used outside of the AWS ecosystem). -# -# To list all the Free Tier AMIs, check the box on the right that says ```Free tier only```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 2: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Free Tier Only

-# -# Scroll to ```Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS(HVM), SSD Volume Type``` (Figure 3). Select ```64-bit(x86)```. -# -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 1 - Select an AMI - Operating System Selection

- -# ## Step 2: Choose an Instance Type -# -# Choosing an instance type is choosing the hardware for your computing system: you get to pick the number of CPUs and memory size for your instance. -# -# Instance types are group by [**families**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html) and denotes whether, for example, an instance is optimized for batch processing (compute-optimized, C-family), optimized for databases (memory-optimized, R-family) or has accelerated hardware (GPUs) for AI or Machine Learning pipelines. -# -# When you choose an Instance Type (Figure 3), the screen show additional information about the selected instance type including the number of CPUs, the memory size, the type of storage and information about networking. -# -# In the Instance Storage (GB) column, you will notice a term called **EBS**. EBS is the acronym for **Elastic Block Storage** and is analogous to the hard disk or boot drive on your personal computer or laptop. More details about EBS and different kinds of disk storage on EC2 instances are beyond the scope of CLASS Essentials. -# -# ```{admonition} Note -# :class: note -# The four most common types of storage you will encounter on AWS are: Elastic Block Storage (EBS), Elastic File Storage (EFS), Simple Storage Service (s3) and s3 Glacier. In the simplest terms, EBS is analogous to a computer hard drive and EFS is analogous to a network file system (NFS) or shared file system. s3 is AWS's object storage which is discussed [here](./intro_to_s3). s3 Glacier is a cost-effective way of storing s3 files that you do not need to access frequently. -# ``` -# - -# -# -#
Figure 3: Step 2 - Choose an Instance Type

-# -# Select ```Next: Configure Instance Details``` and we'll move on to the next chapter. diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 8b7365d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to the AWS CLI\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1249b37..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to the AWS CLI -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index da40811..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Introduction to Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0a6d2d6..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Introduction to Cloud Storage -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 54932b3..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.py deleted file mode 100644 index 28ee575..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/06_running_analysis.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Putting It All Together -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5e54ae0..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.py deleted file mode 100644 index a8fedbf..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Monitoring Costs -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 4739034..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6de0fa4..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Cleaning Up Resources -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 7ec6b2d..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Microsoft Azure\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the Azure Cloud Portal](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute (Azure Virtual Machines)](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the Azure CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage (Blob Storage)](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9fa17d5..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Microsoft Azure -# -# The modules in this lesson are: -# -# 1. [Introduction to the Azure Cloud Portal](./01_intro_to_cloud_console) -# 2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute (Azure Virtual Machines)](./02_intro_to_compute_part1) -# 3. [Introduction to the Azure CLI](./04_intro_to_cli) -# 4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage (Blob Storage)](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage) -# 5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis) -# 6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs) -# 7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources) diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index bcaaa74..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1c75f70d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Learn the Bash Shell" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.py deleted file mode 100644 index 20af8bb..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/ELM/01_bash_shell.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# ## Learn the Bash Shell diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 9d43031..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,191 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "24b51f8d-dcc2-4d19-8bd9-88a71fa8abfe", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I find things in the web console?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives\n", - " * Login to the Google Cloud web console\n", - " * Find and verify important information about your cloud environment.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3316c7f9-b0c8-4565-bdc6-7582c4f16127", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### The Who, What, and Where of the Cloud\n", - "\n", - "Before we get started we must first define, and find, a few key pieces of information about your environment that will be used throughout this lesson. This information is also important to ensure that this information is what you expect, otherwise you may use the wrong account or run or store things in the wrong place. It is important to be clear about these terms as they are often different in other cloud providers. We provide a [glossary of GCP terms](./glossary.ipynb) for your reference." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "afaf408a-8639-4f8d-9108-eddcc6b13b6f", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Accounts (Authentication and Identity)\n", - "\n", - "The (Google) **Account** is the identity used to access the Google Cloud Platform web console and is in the form of an email address and is associated with an individual (the *who* is *you*!). This is typically the account you use to access Google services associated with your institution and not your personal account. This is the \"Who\" of the cloud. We will now login to the Google Cloud Platform web console and verify our account.\n", - "\n", - " * Login to the web console with your (Google) Account by going to [https://console.cloud.google.com/](https://console.cloud.google.com/)\n", - " * Login with your credentials if you have not done so already.\n", - " * Find your user/account under the \"Avatar\" in the top right (see below).\n", - " ![avatar-account](img/avatar-account.png) and click on it if it is not the top one.\n", - " * If you do not see your account click on \"Add Account\" and repeat the previous step.\n", - "\n", - "The account list found under the avatar shows all the accounts that are logged in and the top one is the current active or selected account." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "11f0cbb4-f68f-4525-a30b-02a3a4d251a1", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "#### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:\n", - " * What account are you currently using in the Google Cloud web console?\n", - " * Are you logged into any other accounts?\n", - " * How do you know which account is being used?\n", - " \n", - " If you are not currently using the correct account, switch to it." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "5cfe3d13-c050-49ee-873b-be823fda5b10", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Projects\n", - "\n", - "Almost everything you will do within Google Cloud Platform must be associated with a **Project**. This is the \"Where\" of the cloud. You must have at least one Project and you can manage multiple Projects within a single (Google) Account. Always make sure you are working in the correct project!\n", - "\n", - "To find more information and change project settings\n", - " * Click on the \"Settings and Utilities button (kabob on the top right - see below) and then click on \"Project Settings\"\n", - " ![kabob-project](img/kabob-project.png)\n", - " * The Project Name is the human friendly description and can be changed.\n", - " * The Project ID is set on project creation and cannot be changed. The Project ID is almost always used when specifying a project.\n", - " * The Project Number is used internally by Google Services and is usually used indirectly. It is a good idea to be able to recognize this number.\n", - " \n", - "For a Project to do anything useful it must also have an enabled Billing Account associated with it. An enabled Billing Account is a prerequisite for this lesson.\n", - "\n", - "A Project, just like the word, should be associated with a real world project (for example a research effort or grant, lab, or your Ph.D. Project. etc). For Drew, this will be the Acceleration Lab project. In this way it is easier to track and allocate costs and to manage permissions and access for resources within the project.\n", - "\n", - "The active project is also shown next to the project icon (three hexagons) and clicking it brings up the project selection dialog. The current project has a check mark and and the active project can be changed by clicking on the project name or double clicking the row.\n", - " ![select-project](img/select-project.png) \n", - "\n", - "#### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions:\n", - " * What is the *name* of the Project you are currently using in the Google Cloud Platform web console?\n", - " * What is the *Project ID* of that project?\n", - " * What is the *Project Number* of that project?\n", - " * Do you have multiple projects?\n", - " * How do you know which project you are currently using?\n", - "\n", - "If you are currently not using the correct project for this lesson, switch to the correct one." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "294a3fa0-7a55-4547-af19-4ef542b8dae7", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Services\n", - "\n", - "The web console is used to control and observe the cloud from the browser. It should only be used for simple and one-time tasks, exploring new services, accessing documentation, or for monitoring and debugging resources in the cloud. Programmatic control through the console, programming languages (for example Python), and other automation tools should be used for day to day activities to make the most out of the cloud and to help with the reproducibility of research and teaching.\n", - "\n", - "The Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) is used to navigate to the various products, which are also sometimes called services.\n", - "\n", - "![hamburger-navigation](img/hamburger-navigation.png)\n", - "\n", - " * Click on a product to navigate the product page\n", - " * You can pin frequently used items on the top of this page by clicking on the pin icon. \n", - " * Click the hamburger again to hide the Left Sidebar.\n", - "\n", - "All the different products and services are the \"What\" of the cloud. We will start with Cloud Storage in the next Episode. \n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "e955eb3a-4fdc-448b-aef8-ed1dbe2a73d9", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Everything Else\n", - "\n", - "If you did not already notice, every page on the GCP web console has a blue navigation bar at the top of the page. This can be used to quickly navigate to the page you need.\n", - "\n", - "![blue-bar](img/blue-bar.png)\n", - "\n", - "From left to right of the blue top navigation bar we have the following items (hover over the item with your mouse to see the name):\n", - " 1. Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) allows you to go to each project and services page (shown below).\n", - " 2. Dashboard (\"Google Cloud Platform\") provides an overview of your project.\n", - " * Click it and note resources, billing, and platform Status\n", - " * This page is customizable and may look different.\n", - " 3. Project selection button showing the current project name with a drop-down arrow.\n", - " 4. Search bar - type in service or keywords\n", - " * Type in \"Cloud Storage\" and note results. Click to navigate to the Cloud Storage page.\n", - " 5. Activate Cloud Shell (terminal icon) - start the Cloud Shell\n", - " * Click it and note the shell that appears on the bottom of the page.\n", - " 6. Help (shown as a question) - quick link to documentation\n", - " 7. Notifications (shown as a bell) - a dot indicates unread notifications\n", - " 8. Settings and Utilities (often called the kabobb) - shortcut to project settings\n", - " 9. Google Account (avatar at the far right) - verify and switch accounts." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "118254c6-a5d9-4bd0-8a0f-64d4f72b3cf0", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Exercise\n", - "\n", - "Before we move on, do the following:\n", - "* Double check that you are in the correct account and project that you will be using for this lesson.\n", - "* Take a moment to reflect on the \"Who, What, and Where\" of the cloud. Why is this important?\n" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py deleted file mode 100644 index b17dee2..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,110 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# ## Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console -# -# Learner Questions -# * How do I find things in the web console? -# -# Learning Objectives -# * Login to the Google Cloud web console -# * Find and verify important information about your cloud environment. -# - -# ### The Who, What, and Where of the Cloud -# -# Before we get started we must first define, and find, a few key pieces of information about your environment that will be used throughout this lesson. This information is also important to ensure that this information is what you expect, otherwise you may use the wrong account or run or store things in the wrong place. It is important to be clear about these terms as they are often different in other cloud providers. We provide a [glossary of GCP terms](./glossary.ipynb) for your reference. - -# ### Accounts (Authentication and Identity) -# -# The (Google) **Account** is the identity used to access the Google Cloud Platform web console and is in the form of an email address and is associated with an individual (the *who* is *you*!). This is typically the account you use to access Google services associated with your institution and not your personal account. This is the "Who" of the cloud. We will now login to the Google Cloud Platform web console and verify our account. -# -# * Login to the web console with your (Google) Account by going to [https://console.cloud.google.com/](https://console.cloud.google.com/) -# * Login with your credentials if you have not done so already. -# * Find your user/account under the "Avatar" in the top right (see below). -# ![avatar-account](img/avatar-account.png) and click on it if it is not the top one. -# * If you do not see your account click on "Add Account" and repeat the previous step. -# -# The account list found under the avatar shows all the accounts that are logged in and the top one is the current active or selected account. - -# #### Exercise -# -# Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions: -# * What account are you currently using in the Google Cloud web console? -# * Are you logged into any other accounts? -# * How do you know which account is being used? -# -# If you are not currently using the correct account, switch to it. - -# ### Projects -# -# Almost everything you will do within Google Cloud Platform must be associated with a **Project**. This is the "Where" of the cloud. You must have at least one Project and you can manage multiple Projects within a single (Google) Account. Always make sure you are working in the correct project! -# -# To find more information and change project settings -# * Click on the "Settings and Utilities button (kabob on the top right - see below) and then click on "Project Settings" -# ![kabob-project](img/kabob-project.png) -# * The Project Name is the human friendly description and can be changed. -# * The Project ID is set on project creation and cannot be changed. The Project ID is almost always used when specifying a project. -# * The Project Number is used internally by Google Services and is usually used indirectly. It is a good idea to be able to recognize this number. -# -# For a Project to do anything useful it must also have an enabled Billing Account associated with it. An enabled Billing Account is a prerequisite for this lesson. -# -# A Project, just like the word, should be associated with a real world project (for example a research effort or grant, lab, or your Ph.D. Project. etc). For Drew, this will be the Acceleration Lab project. In this way it is easier to track and allocate costs and to manage permissions and access for resources within the project. -# -# The active project is also shown next to the project icon (three hexagons) and clicking it brings up the project selection dialog. The current project has a check mark and and the active project can be changed by clicking on the project name or double clicking the row. -# ![select-project](img/select-project.png) -# -# #### Exercise -# -# Take a few moments to ask yourself the following questions: -# * What is the *name* of the Project you are currently using in the Google Cloud Platform web console? -# * What is the *Project ID* of that project? -# * What is the *Project Number* of that project? -# * Do you have multiple projects? -# * How do you know which project you are currently using? -# -# If you are currently not using the correct project for this lesson, switch to the correct one. - -# ### Services -# -# The web console is used to control and observe the cloud from the browser. It should only be used for simple and one-time tasks, exploring new services, accessing documentation, or for monitoring and debugging resources in the cloud. Programmatic control through the console, programming languages (for example Python), and other automation tools should be used for day to day activities to make the most out of the cloud and to help with the reproducibility of research and teaching. -# -# The Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) is used to navigate to the various products, which are also sometimes called services. -# -# ![hamburger-navigation](img/hamburger-navigation.png) -# -# * Click on a product to navigate the product page -# * You can pin frequently used items on the top of this page by clicking on the pin icon. -# * Click the hamburger again to hide the Left Sidebar. -# -# All the different products and services are the "What" of the cloud. We will start with Cloud Storage in the next Episode. -# -# - -# ### Everything Else -# -# If you did not already notice, every page on the GCP web console has a blue navigation bar at the top of the page. This can be used to quickly navigate to the page you need. -# -# ![blue-bar](img/blue-bar.png) -# -# From left to right of the blue top navigation bar we have the following items (hover over the item with your mouse to see the name): -# 1. Navigation Menu (often called the hamburger) allows you to go to each project and services page (shown below). -# 2. Dashboard ("Google Cloud Platform") provides an overview of your project. -# * Click it and note resources, billing, and platform Status -# * This page is customizable and may look different. -# 3. Project selection button showing the current project name with a drop-down arrow. -# 4. Search bar - type in service or keywords -# * Type in "Cloud Storage" and note results. Click to navigate to the Cloud Storage page. -# 5. Activate Cloud Shell (terminal icon) - start the Cloud Shell -# * Click it and note the shell that appears on the bottom of the page. -# 6. Help (shown as a question) - quick link to documentation -# 7. Notifications (shown as a bell) - a dot indicates unread notifications -# 8. Settings and Utilities (often called the kabobb) - shortcut to project settings -# 9. Google Account (avatar at the far right) - verify and switch accounts. - -# ### Exercise -# -# Before we move on, do the following: -# * Double check that you are in the correct account and project that you will be using for this lesson. -# * Take a moment to reflect on the "Who, What, and Where" of the cloud. Why is this important? -# diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 9775832..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,283 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "fb98ae89-8494-4fd7-aa97-44380424d68d", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to Cloud Compute (Google Compute Engine)\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I compute in the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives:\n", - " * Navigate the Google Compute Engine service and terminology.\n", - " * Allocate a virtual machine in Google Compute Engine.\n", - " * Choose a machine type based on the application.\n", - " * Understand how storage is managed for virtual machines.\n", - " * Use the cost estimator for Google Compute Engine.\n", - " * Understand what a service account is and how they are used.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9897048a-6aa8-4d85-a557-d85b802f3f1d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with compute, specifically a Virtual Machine, to process data in the cloud with a large and powerful machine to do the analysis. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "739746ba-1c95-4d1e-94c7-1e5330d17f52", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Google Compute Engine\n", - "\n", - "To learn more about the Google Compute Engine service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Virtual Machine. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts or configuration management systems should be used.\n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the terminology used for cloud computing differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Compute Engine uses the term **VM instance** to refer to a running virtual machine, **image** for the boot disk containing the operating system, and **disk** for the writable storage used for a running *VM Instance*.\n", - "\n", - "We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Compute Engine VM instance." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c5430b40-1a5f-40df-9e13-529ef3ece4ce", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Allocate a VM Instance\n", - "\n", - "We will first create an *VM instance* with defaults to explore the Google Compute Engine service.\n", - "\n", - "To create a bucket we do the following:\n", - " * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **VM Instances** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create an instance* page.\n", - " * In the **New VM instance** tab on the left (selected by default) configure the *VM instance* as follows:\n", - " * For **Name**, enter a unique name for the instances (example: \"essentials-instance-1\")\n", - " * For **Region** leave the default or select your \"home\" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your \"home\" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.\n", - " * For **Zone** leave the default (note how the name is constructed and that it is a separate data center).\n", - " * In the **Machine configuration** section:\n", - " * For **Series** select *E2* (default). The other options are for types of machines.\n", - " * For **Machine type** select *e2-medium* (default)\n", - " * Leave the remaining options as default.\n", - " * In the **Identity and API access** section note that for the **Service Accounts** -> **Service account** option that the **Compute Engine default service account** is selected. This allows the *VM Instance* to ***access and edit any resources in the project***.\n", - " * Note the **Monthly estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for running the *VM instance* and does not include other storage, networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by running software. Click **Details** show a breakdown of the *VM instance* only costs.\n", - " * Finally, click **Create** to create the *VM Instance* (allocate the resource).\n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "41c63432-a614-4a1e-9967-f49b68f9069e", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Security\n", - "\n", - "Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Ordinary we would configure and check security first but in the case of exploring services it is often easier to do things out of order. We noted that the *VM instance* was created with the *Compute Engine default service account*, which by *default* has access to all the resources that your Google Account does.\n", - "\n", - "Specifically, we are interested in verifying what permissions that the *Compute Engine default service account* has for your *VM instances* . To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu** -> **IAM & Admin** -> **IAM** -> **Permissions** -> View By: **Principals**)\n", - "\n", - "*Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.*\n", - "\n", - "In the **Name** column you should see a row with **Compute Engine default service account**. Here you should see the **Editor** role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Editor** role for a project will *allow* a **VM instance** to modify resources *in* the **project**. The principal for the *Compute Engine default service account* should start with the *Project ID* of your project. It is possible to create a custom service account with the appropriate roles for the *VM Instance*.\n", - "\n", - "There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "da301540-9b02-4b27-ae8e-f301b3dd36f2", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Follow the Storage Allocation\n", - "\n", - "Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the *VM instance* creation by examining at the project *activity*.\n", - "\n", - "To view the project activity we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on \"Google Cloud Platform\" on the left side of the top blue bar.\n", - " * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar.\n", - " * Look for the row with **Create VM** on the top of the table. This shows that the *VM Instance* was created.\n", - " * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist.\n", - "\n", - "Note that the activity is on the project, not the account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3d376f83-966a-4c7d-9ecf-4973e7f00ff7", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Enumerate the VM Instances\n", - "\n", - "To see an overview of resources in the project navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 instance** in the *resources* card under *Compute Engine*.\n", - "\n", - "Now lets find and connect to the *VM Instance*.\n", - " * Navigate to the Google Compute Engine page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **Instances**.\n", - " * **Find** the *VM instance* you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them.\n", - " * Click on the *VM instance* name to open the **VM instance details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the *VM instance* name)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "7f4bc715-f7b5-4ab8-b13a-720dae419326", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Connect to the VM Instance\n", - "\n", - "To connect to the *VM Instance* we will use the cloud shell in the web console. Open up a shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the top blue bar if it is not already open.\n", - "\n", - "We first verify that the cloud shell is using the correct identity and *project id* by looking at the welcome message and the prompt.\n", - "\n", - "![cloud-shell](img/cloud-shell.png)\n", - "\n", - "To connect to the *VM instance* we enter the following command in the cloud shell:\n", - "```\n", - "gcloud compute ssh essentials-instance-1\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "If you have not used the cloud shell to connect to a *VM Instance* before you will probably be asked to create a new *ssh key*. The Compute Engine will use this key to allow you to access the *VM instance* in a secure manner. If this is the case you will see a message similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "WARNING: The private SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.\n", - "WARNING: The public SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.\n", - "WARNING: You do not have an SSH key for gcloud.\n", - "WARNING: SSH keygen will be executed to generate a key.\n", - "This tool needs to create the directory [/home/student231/.ssh] before\n", - " being able to generate SSH keys.\n", - "\n", - "Do you want to continue (Y/n)?\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Press enter to continue to create the key. You will see another message asking you for a passphrase, similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "Generating public/private rsa key pair.\n", - "Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):\n", - "```\n", - "Here you should enter a passphrase (a series of words) to protect the key. You will be asked to re-enter the passphrase as shown below:\n", - "```\n", - "Enter same passphrase again:\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "After successfully retyping the passphrase the key generation process will continue showing similar message as follows (the fingerprint and art will look different):\n", - "```\n", - "Your identification has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.\n", - "Your public key has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.pub.\n", - "The key fingerprint is:\n", - "SHA256:D9yj1nZEUigahirvjkIFoCP7RfjDu67Ku88M7nHQftI student231@cs-748001990186-default-boost-r9phq\n", - "The key's randomart image is:\n", - "+---[RSA 2048]----+\n", - "|o . .. |\n", - "|.. .. o . .. |\n", - "|+ o... o .. . |\n", - "|ooo= .. . o |\n", - "|.+..= S o . |\n", - "| o+..o = o |\n", - "|.+.+.E o + . |\n", - "|+.B o. . . . |\n", - "|=O**o |\n", - "+----[SHA256]-----+\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "The ssh key generation is now complete. This will only happen once for your account and you will start here on future connections.\n", - "\n", - "At this point the command will attempt to connect to the *VM Instance* and will ask the following question:\n", - "```\n", - "Did you mean zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1] (Y/n)? n\n", - "```\n", - "Answer \"n\".\n", - "\n", - "The command will now configure the instance to allow your ssh key and connect to it.\n", - "\n", - "```\n", - "No zone specified. Using zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1].\n", - "Updating project ssh metadata...working..Updated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/class-essentials-gcp-demo-1].\n", - "Updating project ssh metadata...done.\n", - "Waiting for SSH key to propagate.\n", - "Warning: Permanently added 'compute.74517428106645607' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Once connected you will see the machine login banner and prompt similar to the following:\n", - "```\n", - "Linux instance-1 4.19.0-17-cloud-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2021-07-18) x86_64\n", - "\n", - "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n", - "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n", - "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n", - "\n", - "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n", - "permitted by applicable law.\n", - "student231@essentials-instance-1:~$\n", - "```\n", - "\n", - "Congratulations you have now created a *VM Instance* and connected to it.\n", - "\n", - "Feel free to interact with the machine for a while and type\n", - "```\n", - "exit\n", - "```\n", - "when you are done.\n", - "\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "0362e76c-3f03-4299-8217-24a2f39ee503", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Delete the Storage - Exercise \n", - "\n", - "We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the *VM Instance* we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. \n", - "\n", - "Did you \"Follow\" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page?\n", - "\n", - "Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "85c697a1-25bc-4b57-9ab6-7c38b6dbbc89", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### References\n", - " * Compute Engine Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/iam" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py deleted file mode 100644 index a0e0ed6..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/02_intro_to_compute_part1.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,188 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# ## Introduction to Cloud Compute (Google Compute Engine) -# -# Learner Questions -# * How do I compute in the cloud? -# -# Learning Objectives: -# * Navigate the Google Compute Engine service and terminology. -# * Allocate a virtual machine in Google Compute Engine. -# * Choose a machine type based on the application. -# * Understand how storage is managed for virtual machines. -# * Use the cost estimator for Google Compute Engine. -# * Understand what a service account is and how they are used. -# - -# Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with compute, specifically a Virtual Machine, to process data in the cloud with a large and powerful machine to do the analysis. - -# ### Google Compute Engine -# -# To learn more about the Google Compute Engine service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Virtual Machine. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts or configuration management systems should be used. -# -# Unfortunately, the terminology used for cloud computing differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Compute Engine uses the term **VM instance** to refer to a running virtual machine, **image** for the boot disk containing the operating system, and **disk** for the writable storage used for a running *VM Instance*. -# -# We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Compute Engine VM instance. - -# ### Allocate a VM Instance -# -# We will first create an *VM instance* with defaults to explore the Google Compute Engine service. -# -# To create a bucket we do the following: -# * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **VM Instances** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create an instance* page. -# * In the **New VM instance** tab on the left (selected by default) configure the *VM instance* as follows: -# * For **Name**, enter a unique name for the instances (example: "essentials-instance-1") -# * For **Region** leave the default or select your "home" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your "home" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often. -# * For **Zone** leave the default (note how the name is constructed and that it is a separate data center). -# * In the **Machine configuration** section: -# * For **Series** select *E2* (default). The other options are for types of machines. -# * For **Machine type** select *e2-medium* (default) -# * Leave the remaining options as default. -# * In the **Identity and API access** section note that for the **Service Accounts** -> **Service account** option that the **Compute Engine default service account** is selected. This allows the *VM Instance* to ***access and edit any resources in the project***. -# * Note the **Monthly estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for running the *VM instance* and does not include other storage, networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by running software. Click **Details** show a breakdown of the *VM instance* only costs. -# * Finally, click **Create** to create the *VM Instance* (allocate the resource). -# - -# ### Security -# -# Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Ordinary we would configure and check security first but in the case of exploring services it is often easier to do things out of order. We noted that the *VM instance* was created with the *Compute Engine default service account*, which by *default* has access to all the resources that your Google Account does. -# -# Specifically, we are interested in verifying what permissions that the *Compute Engine default service account* has for your *VM instances* . To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu** -> **IAM & Admin** -> **IAM** -> **Permissions** -> View By: **Principals**) -# -# *Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.* -# -# In the **Name** column you should see a row with **Compute Engine default service account**. Here you should see the **Editor** role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Editor** role for a project will *allow* a **VM instance** to modify resources *in* the **project**. The principal for the *Compute Engine default service account* should start with the *Project ID* of your project. It is possible to create a custom service account with the appropriate roles for the *VM Instance*. -# -# There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project). - -# ### Follow the Storage Allocation -# -# Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the *VM instance* creation by examining at the project *activity*. -# -# To view the project activity we do the following: -# -# * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on "Google Cloud Platform" on the left side of the top blue bar. -# * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar. -# * Look for the row with **Create VM** on the top of the table. This shows that the *VM Instance* was created. -# * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist. -# -# Note that the activity is on the project, not the account. -# - -# ### Enumerate the VM Instances -# -# To see an overview of resources in the project navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 instance** in the *resources* card under *Compute Engine*. -# -# Now lets find and connect to the *VM Instance*. -# * Navigate to the Google Compute Engine page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Compute Engine** (under Compute) -> **Instances**. -# * **Find** the *VM instance* you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them. -# * Click on the *VM instance* name to open the **VM instance details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the *VM instance* name). - -# ### Connect to the VM Instance -# -# To connect to the *VM Instance* we will use the cloud shell in the web console. Open up a shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the top blue bar if it is not already open. -# -# We first verify that the cloud shell is using the correct identity and *project id* by looking at the welcome message and the prompt. -# -# ![cloud-shell](img/cloud-shell.png) -# -# To connect to the *VM instance* we enter the following command in the cloud shell: -# ``` -# gcloud compute ssh essentials-instance-1 -# ``` -# -# If you have not used the cloud shell to connect to a *VM Instance* before you will probably be asked to create a new *ssh key*. The Compute Engine will use this key to allow you to access the *VM instance* in a secure manner. If this is the case you will see a message similar to the following: -# ``` -# WARNING: The private SSH key file for gcloud does not exist. -# WARNING: The public SSH key file for gcloud does not exist. -# WARNING: You do not have an SSH key for gcloud. -# WARNING: SSH keygen will be executed to generate a key. -# This tool needs to create the directory [/home/student231/.ssh] before -# being able to generate SSH keys. -# -# Do you want to continue (Y/n)? -# ``` -# -# Press enter to continue to create the key. You will see another message asking you for a passphrase, similar to the following: -# ``` -# Generating public/private rsa key pair. -# Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): -# ``` -# Here you should enter a passphrase (a series of words) to protect the key. You will be asked to re-enter the passphrase as shown below: -# ``` -# Enter same passphrase again: -# ``` -# -# After successfully retyping the passphrase the key generation process will continue showing similar message as follows (the fingerprint and art will look different): -# ``` -# Your identification has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine. -# Your public key has been saved in /home/student231/.ssh/google_compute_engine.pub. -# The key fingerprint is: -# SHA256:D9yj1nZEUigahirvjkIFoCP7RfjDu67Ku88M7nHQftI student231@cs-748001990186-default-boost-r9phq -# The key's randomart image is: -# +---[RSA 2048]----+ -# |o . .. | -# |.. .. o . .. | -# |+ o... o .. . | -# |ooo= .. . o | -# |.+..= S o . | -# | o+..o = o | -# |.+.+.E o + . | -# |+.B o. . . . | -# |=O**o | -# +----[SHA256]-----+ -# ``` -# -# The ssh key generation is now complete. This will only happen once for your account and you will start here on future connections. -# -# At this point the command will attempt to connect to the *VM Instance* and will ask the following question: -# ``` -# Did you mean zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1] (Y/n)? n -# ``` -# Answer "n". -# -# The command will now configure the instance to allow your ssh key and connect to it. -# -# ``` -# No zone specified. Using zone [us-central1-a] for instance: [instance-1]. -# Updating project ssh metadata...working..Updated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/class-essentials-gcp-demo-1]. -# Updating project ssh metadata...done. -# Waiting for SSH key to propagate. -# Warning: Permanently added 'compute.74517428106645607' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. -# ``` -# -# Once connected you will see the machine login banner and prompt similar to the following: -# ``` -# Linux instance-1 4.19.0-17-cloud-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2021-07-18) x86_64 -# -# The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; -# the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the -# individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. -# -# Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent -# permitted by applicable law. -# student231@essentials-instance-1:~$ -# ``` -# -# Congratulations you have now created a *VM Instance* and connected to it. -# -# Feel free to interact with the machine for a while and type -# ``` -# exit -# ``` -# when you are done. -# -# -# - -# ### Delete the Storage - Exercise -# -# We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the *VM Instance* we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. -# -# Did you "Follow" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page? -# -# Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. - -# ### References -# * Compute Engine Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/iam diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 3a9edef..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,661 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "5439e525-b985-495f-85a6-e4c8d7452956", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to the gcloud CLI\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I use the Cloud CLI?\n", - " * How do I use `gcloud`?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives\n", - " * Find and use the \"Cloud Shell\" in the web console.\n", - " * Use basic cloud CLI commands (`gcloud` and `gsutil`).\n", - " * Verify basic settings.\n", - " * Use environment variables for configuration.\n", - " * Understand the importance of using variables for configuration.\n", - " * Recognize the value of reproducibility and automation.\n", - " \n", - "Resources\n", - " * `gcloud` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud\n", - " * `gsutil` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil\n", - " * Instructions to install `gcloud` and `gsutil` on your local machine: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c4e1a4c5-7d28-483d-b27c-ef2afa4fb7e5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Cloud Automation\n", - "\n", - "Now that Drew can create a bucket in the web console they wish to learn how to use tools to automate the process. Drew noticed that the web console could be used to upload and share objects but wishes to learn the command line so that they can automate the and document the process (it is much easier to document commands then describing and showing mouse clicks).\n", - "\n", - "The cloud can be controlled using a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a programming language such as Python. Collectively these tools interact with the cloud over a Application Programming Interface (API) and this capability forms the basis of the cloud, the ability to control infrastructure programmatically.\n", - "\n", - "Just as with navigating the web console it is important to know the **who**, **what**, and **where** of CLI access to reduce the possibility of access mistakes. We will first verify the tools are installed and configured correctly. Next we get the Account being used (who) and the Project ID of the active project (where) using the `gcloud` command. We will then use the `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands to list some public Buckets (what).\n", - "\n", - "The `gcloud` command is used to control most aspects of GCP and the `gsutil` command is used to control Google Cloud Storage Buckets. To access the manual pages for a command just add `--help` to the end of the command or run `gcloud help` for more information.\n", - "\n", - "When running CLI commands you may get a dialog box to authorize the command. You should \"Authorize\" the request to allow the Cloud Shell to access the Project using your (Google) Account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ce598878-1b1c-4e6b-9122-e679e84c7dbb", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Open a Cloud Shell\n", - "\n", - "The Cloud Shell is an easy way to access Comand Line Interface (CLI) commands in a web browser. Under the hood Cloud Shell is Debian running in a container with 5GB of no-charge persistent storage with most of the Google uti and a lot of other useful tools (git, docker, jq, Docker, etc.) installed by default.\n", - "\n", - "To use the Cloud Shell:\n", - " * Open up a Cloud Shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the right side of the top blue bar. If a \"Authorize Cloud Shell\" dialog appears click \"Authorize\" to allow the Cloud Shell to access the project.\n", - " * Click the **Maximize** icon on the right side of the Cloud Shell bar. You can find the correct icon by hovering over the icons to see their names.\n", - " * If a shell is associated with a project it will show it in the tab and in **yellow text** in round parenthesis in the shell prompt. **Verify the Project ID**.\n", - " * To open up a shell with a specific project click the \"down arrow\" icon next to the plus(+) to open a new tab with a specific project. Selecting the plus (+) will usually open up a shell with the default project.\n", - " * Note: You can open the Cloud Shell in a new tab by clicking on icon **Open in a New Window** on the far right of the Cloud Shell bar.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#### Opening Cloud Shell in a Tab - Optional\n", - "\n", - " * Click the **Open in a New Window** icon on the far left of the \"Cloud Shell\" tab on the bottom to open up in a separate tab. Hover the mouse over the icons to see their name/function. **Note:** you may need to allow popups or enable popups for this website depending on the browser you use. You can also pull up the tab to increase the shell screen size.\n", - " * Click the **\"Close editor\"** button (the pencil icon in the top right of the window).\n", - "\n", - "#### Advanced call-out\n", - "You can access the cloud shell from your laptop via `gcloud cloud-shell ssh` if you have the [Google Cloud SDK installed](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install). Installing the Google Cloud SDK will also allow you to run `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands directly from your laptop, workstation, or cluster. *Pro-tip, you cannot use a service account to access the cloud shell.*" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "e4fa29a6-7d8e-4591-af3f-8539b94b3bef", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Verify the Configuration (Who, What, Where)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "f786f92c-7127-4f26-b0c0-fc27a364aca4", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "First, let's verify that the Account being used for access (who) is what we expect." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "id": "3ce9e6fb-9f5f-42e1-8512-35c0564f8e85", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "ename": "SyntaxError", - "evalue": "invalid syntax (, line 1)", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;36m File \u001b[0;32m\"\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m gcloud config get-value account\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value account" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "68b97adf-7378-4e9c-b2b8-2075f043afab", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Next, show verify the active project (where)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "id": "cfb10587-e007-45ae-839f-7bcfe088c711", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n", - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c2972d7b-f393-42b5-8330-cf8292d28afb", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Now we will use `gcloud` to list a well known public bucket (what). " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "id": "617325c9-d853-4291-a1db-938ab9439fee", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud alpha storage ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "42e6ad5b-186d-4cd1-ba03-e7c85ad40e38", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "*Advanced Callout: The `alpha` (and `beta`) command allows us to access commands that have not been released for production and care should be taken when using these in a production environment. At this time this is not the recommended way to access storage buckets, but it does help verify that everything is working correctly.*" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "1389ca4f-7234-4ea3-9ad8-85914d88ede5", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Finally, we will verify that the separate and preferred `gsutil` command is installed and working by listing the same well known public bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "id": "1a13a344-65df-40bc-997f-27d9084f69cf", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/index.csv.gz\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LC08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LE07/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM01/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM02/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM03/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LM05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LO08/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT04/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT05/\n", - "gs://gcp-public-data-landsat/LT08/\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gsutil ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "598b5d12-9bea-49de-a772-4113727e0859", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Environment Variables\n", - "\n", - "When using the CLI you quickly notice that you have to enter many of the details, such as the Project ID, many times (Drew is also Dyslexic, which makes it even harder for them). Not only is this tedious, it also makes moving to another project or using another bucket difficult making reusability and collaboration painful. We will demonstrate the use environment variables to address this issue. Most cloud environments and tools rely heavily on this technique.\n", - "\n", - "*To make the point even clearer, we use environment variables in the Cloud Essentials notebooks instead of hard coding them, which makes it easy for anyone to run, use, and edit and thus collaborate and contribute to them!*\n", - "\n", - "We now demonstrate the basic use environment variables. As a reminder, environment variables are used to store configuration information that can be easily passed between programs and programming languages." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "id": "b8f74fe9-0943-4bd9-a91b-da09c001f8a1", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "TEST=1" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "id": "b937f6c7-3697-4bc0-8e32-da0b0faec593", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo $TEST" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "78fe7013-a5ae-498f-aeab-ba1f3c710de1", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Although we do not always need to, we should always enclose shell variables in double quotes and enclose the variable name in curly braces (funny things may happen otherwise). In most cases it is easier to do this every time than try to figure out when it is possible to use the short form. We only use the short form (`$TEST`) when it is used frequently and known to always work, in our case it is `$PROJECT` and `$BUCKET`. When in doubt, use the explicit form.\n", - "\n", - "There are a number of environment variables already set that contain useful information, for example:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "id": "bae0587c-0379-40e3-9c31-16ba5505487a", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "student31\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"${USER}\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "id": "52b4add5-0d18-4faf-a304-b7e0ee8ba82e", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "cs-730348008320-default-default-w724w\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"${HOSTNAME}\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ef895f38-ad16-4f2d-aa18-ec913732dd69", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We can also use the output of commands to set values." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "id": "776806e4-209f-45fa-b14e-f771f5d5089d", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:54 PM UTC\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "date" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "id": "560fde63-0eb8-4c52-9787-4debfe35ec23", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Date: Tue 26 Oct 2021 07:44:55 PM UTC\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo \"Date: $(date)\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "6323f7bf-b2fe-4c94-a87a-2d35e75a1a49", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "Now lets combine all this to set the `PROJECT` environment variable to the default project so we do not need to use the actual value in future commands." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "id": "18f40620-8537-42b5-948f-dd581e604a36", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n", - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config get-value project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "id": "a959f857-8a20-4356-bc30-dbf8c75be96d", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "PROJECT=\"$(gcloud config get-value project)\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "id": "c1d27e89-cc69-4979-82c4-79c3fb36bccb", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "echo $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9d3a8504-a75c-4945-ab54-85f1d9a7e2b2", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note the \"Your active configuration is: ...\" line is a \"warning\" and not actually part of the output of the program." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c25e6431-4f92-454a-bd10-e77cb28deec6", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Now use the `PROJECT` envrionment variable to get more information about the active project." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "id": "31b01f78-94b1-44f0-a2af-d657058941b2", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "createTime: '2021-01-08T14:17:35.831Z'\n", - "lifecycleState: ACTIVE\n", - "name: CLASS Project\n", - "projectId: just-armor-301114\n", - "projectNumber: '1002111293252'\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud projects describe $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ed2ab9ce-6b0a-4939-88c7-8103e29413b7", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note the extraneous message about the active configuration produced by the `gcloud config get-value project` command. A slightly different way to access the data can be used to remove the extraneous message by using the following command:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "id": "845b2aaf-0032-4043-a40a-d2482693d23e", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "[accessibility]\n", - "screen_reader = True\n", - "[component_manager]\n", - "disable_update_check = True\n", - "[compute]\n", - "gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec = 30\n", - "[core]\n", - "account = student31@class.internet2.edu\n", - "disable_usage_reporting = True\n", - "project = just-armor-301114\n", - "[metrics]\n", - "environment = devshell\n", - "\n", - "Your active configuration is: [cloudshell-27180]\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "d919b26d-2f64-4a43-9c76-34f7798fe853", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We can now use the `--format='value()'` option to get specific values. The following command returns the project number without the extraneous message." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "id": "9714ebe2-2921-498b-9e0e-69ec6a85896a", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)'" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "ba660d2b-5ddf-449b-8049-56a40f2e366b", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Note where the `core` part comes in the output of the `gcloud config list` command." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "id": "7d803ddd-acca-4ad1-933a-4d6e6044def6", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "PROJECT=\"$(gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)')\"\n", - "echo $PROJECT" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "d40b2c7b-7331-412d-80e1-f1a77204075a", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "We will use this form from now on. Since we know the Project ID only contains numbers, letters, and dashes with no spaces there is no need to use quotes." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "270e0abb-d5e9-476a-af91-060cc0ea0349", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Exercise\n", - " * What command shows the project number? (hint: we used it already)\n", - " * What is the name of this variable? (hint: it is case sensitive)\n", - " * What command shows *just* the Project Number (hint: use `--format`)\n", - " * Set the `PROJECT_NUMBER` environment variable with the correct value. (hint: be careful with punctuation (single and double quotes) and matching brackets and punctuation)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "bda44ee1-337a-447d-8377-e8f7ae563316", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Advanced Call-Out: Formating Output.\n", - "\n", - "The following example shows how to output the configuration as `JSON`. The command `jq` can also be used to parse the JSON data." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "id": "678a1735-8cad-403c-b302-639de1fb0f4b", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"accessibility\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"screen_reader\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"component_manager\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"disable_update_check\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"compute\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"gce_metadata_read_timeout_sec\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"30\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"core\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"account\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"student31@class.internet2.edu\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"disable_usage_reporting\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"True\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"project\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"just-armor-301114\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m,\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"metrics\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m{\n", - " \u001b[0m\u001b[34;1m\"environment\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m: \u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m\"devshell\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - " \u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;39m\n", - "\u001b[1;39m}\u001b[0m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format=json |jq" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "id": "b0dec5ed-dc7f-4003-b228-f6605119ce47", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "just-armor-301114\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "gcloud config list --format=json |jq -r .core.project" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "8a22e397-9f21-4c7b-914c-88708592eeb1", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.py deleted file mode 100644 index f83bd19..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,225 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# ## Introduction to the gcloud CLI -# -# Learner Questions -# * How do I use the Cloud CLI? -# * How do I use `gcloud`? -# -# Learning Objectives -# * Find and use the "Cloud Shell" in the web console. -# * Use basic cloud CLI commands (`gcloud` and `gsutil`). -# * Verify basic settings. -# * Use environment variables for configuration. -# * Understand the importance of using variables for configuration. -# * Recognize the value of reproducibility and automation. -# -# Resources -# * `gcloud` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud -# * `gsutil` documentation: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil -# * Instructions to install `gcloud` and `gsutil` on your local machine: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install - -# ### Cloud Automation -# -# Now that Drew can create a bucket in the web console they wish to learn how to use tools to automate the process. Drew noticed that the web console could be used to upload and share objects but wishes to learn the command line so that they can automate the and document the process (it is much easier to document commands then describing and showing mouse clicks). -# -# The cloud can be controlled using a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a programming language such as Python. Collectively these tools interact with the cloud over a Application Programming Interface (API) and this capability forms the basis of the cloud, the ability to control infrastructure programmatically. -# -# Just as with navigating the web console it is important to know the **who**, **what**, and **where** of CLI access to reduce the possibility of access mistakes. We will first verify the tools are installed and configured correctly. Next we get the Account being used (who) and the Project ID of the active project (where) using the `gcloud` command. We will then use the `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands to list some public Buckets (what). -# -# The `gcloud` command is used to control most aspects of GCP and the `gsutil` command is used to control Google Cloud Storage Buckets. To access the manual pages for a command just add `--help` to the end of the command or run `gcloud help` for more information. -# -# When running CLI commands you may get a dialog box to authorize the command. You should "Authorize" the request to allow the Cloud Shell to access the Project using your (Google) Account. -# - -# ### Open a Cloud Shell -# -# The Cloud Shell is an easy way to access Comand Line Interface (CLI) commands in a web browser. Under the hood Cloud Shell is Debian running in a container with 5GB of no-charge persistent storage with most of the Google uti and a lot of other useful tools (git, docker, jq, Docker, etc.) installed by default. -# -# To use the Cloud Shell: -# * Open up a Cloud Shell by clicking on the **Activate Cloud Shell** icon in the right side of the top blue bar. If a "Authorize Cloud Shell" dialog appears click "Authorize" to allow the Cloud Shell to access the project. -# * Click the **Maximize** icon on the right side of the Cloud Shell bar. You can find the correct icon by hovering over the icons to see their names. -# * If a shell is associated with a project it will show it in the tab and in **yellow text** in round parenthesis in the shell prompt. **Verify the Project ID**. -# * To open up a shell with a specific project click the "down arrow" icon next to the plus(+) to open a new tab with a specific project. Selecting the plus (+) will usually open up a shell with the default project. -# * Note: You can open the Cloud Shell in a new tab by clicking on icon **Open in a New Window** on the far right of the Cloud Shell bar. -# -# -# #### Opening Cloud Shell in a Tab - Optional -# -# * Click the **Open in a New Window** icon on the far left of the "Cloud Shell" tab on the bottom to open up in a separate tab. Hover the mouse over the icons to see their name/function. **Note:** you may need to allow popups or enable popups for this website depending on the browser you use. You can also pull up the tab to increase the shell screen size. -# * Click the **"Close editor"** button (the pencil icon in the top right of the window). -# -# #### Advanced call-out -# You can access the cloud shell from your laptop via `gcloud cloud-shell ssh` if you have the [Google Cloud SDK installed](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install). Installing the Google Cloud SDK will also allow you to run `gcloud` and `gsutil` commands directly from your laptop, workstation, or cluster. *Pro-tip, you cannot use a service account to access the cloud shell.* - -# ### Verify the Configuration (Who, What, Where) - -# First, let's verify that the Account being used for access (who) is what we expect. - -# In[1]: - - -gcloud config get-value account - - -# Next, show verify the active project (where). - -# In[2]: - - -gcloud config get-value project - - -# Now we will use `gcloud` to list a well known public bucket (what). - -# In[3]: - - -gcloud alpha storage ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat - - -# *Advanced Callout: The `alpha` (and `beta`) command allows us to access commands that have not been released for production and care should be taken when using these in a production environment. At this time this is not the recommended way to access storage buckets, but it does help verify that everything is working correctly.* - -# Finally, we will verify that the separate and preferred `gsutil` command is installed and working by listing the same well known public bucket. - -# In[4]: - - -gsutil ls gs://gcp-public-data-landsat - - -# ### Environment Variables -# -# When using the CLI you quickly notice that you have to enter many of the details, such as the Project ID, many times (Drew is also Dyslexic, which makes it even harder for them). Not only is this tedious, it also makes moving to another project or using another bucket difficult making reusability and collaboration painful. We will demonstrate the use environment variables to address this issue. Most cloud environments and tools rely heavily on this technique. -# -# *To make the point even clearer, we use environment variables in the Cloud Essentials notebooks instead of hard coding them, which makes it easy for anyone to run, use, and edit and thus collaborate and contribute to them!* -# -# We now demonstrate the basic use environment variables. As a reminder, environment variables are used to store configuration information that can be easily passed between programs and programming languages. - -# In[1]: - - -TEST=1 - - -# In[3]: - - -echo $TEST - - -# Although we do not always need to, we should always enclose shell variables in double quotes and enclose the variable name in curly braces (funny things may happen otherwise). In most cases it is easier to do this every time than try to figure out when it is possible to use the short form. We only use the short form (`$TEST`) when it is used frequently and known to always work, in our case it is `$PROJECT` and `$BUCKET`. When in doubt, use the explicit form. -# -# There are a number of environment variables already set that contain useful information, for example: - -# In[7]: - - -echo "${USER}" - - -# In[8]: - - -echo "${HOSTNAME}" - - -# We can also use the output of commands to set values. - -# In[9]: - - -date - - -# In[10]: - - -echo "Date: $(date)" - - -# Now lets combine all this to set the `PROJECT` environment variable to the default project so we do not need to use the actual value in future commands. - -# In[11]: - - -gcloud config get-value project - - -# In[12]: - - -PROJECT="$(gcloud config get-value project)" - - -# In[13]: - - -echo $PROJECT - - -# Note the "Your active configuration is: ..." line is a "warning" and not actually part of the output of the program. - -# Now use the `PROJECT` envrionment variable to get more information about the active project. - -# In[14]: - - -gcloud projects describe $PROJECT - - -# Note the extraneous message about the active configuration produced by the `gcloud config get-value project` command. A slightly different way to access the data can be used to remove the extraneous message by using the following command: - -# In[15]: - - -gcloud config list - - -# We can now use the `--format='value()'` option to get specific values. The following command returns the project number without the extraneous message. - -# In[16]: - - -gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)' - - -# Note where the `core` part comes in the output of the `gcloud config list` command. - -# In[17]: - - -PROJECT="$(gcloud config list --format='value(core.project)')" -echo $PROJECT - - -# We will use this form from now on. Since we know the Project ID only contains numbers, letters, and dashes with no spaces there is no need to use quotes. - -# ### Exercise -# * What command shows the project number? (hint: we used it already) -# * What is the name of this variable? (hint: it is case sensitive) -# * What command shows *just* the Project Number (hint: use `--format`) -# * Set the `PROJECT_NUMBER` environment variable with the correct value. (hint: be careful with punctuation (single and double quotes) and matching brackets and punctuation) - -# ### Advanced Call-Out: Formating Output. -# -# The following example shows how to output the configuration as `JSON`. The command `jq` can also be used to parse the JSON data. - -# In[4]: - - -gcloud config list --format=json |jq - - -# In[5]: - - -gcloud config list --format=json |jq -r .core.project - - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d79e681..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,240 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "fb98ae89-8494-4fd7-aa97-44380424d68d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Introduction to Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "Learner Questions\n", - " * How do I store data in the cloud?\n", - "\n", - "Learning Objectives:\n", - " * Navigate the Google Cloud Storage service and terminology\n", - " * Understand the roles and permissions needed to use Google Cloud Storage in projects\n", - " * Allocate storage in Google Cloud Storage\n", - " * Find the cost estimator for Google Cloud Storage\n", - " * Recognize that resources have a \"location\"\n", - " * Recognize danger of public access\n", - " * De-allocate Google Cloud Storage storage" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "9897048a-6aa8-4d85-a557-d85b802f3f1d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with storage. Data is usually the center of a research project and it makes sense to start here.\n", - "\n", - "One of the most common and economic ways to store data in the cloud is to use object storage. In GCP object storage is called *Google Cloud Storage*, which is similar to the Simple Storage Service, also known as S3, on Amazon Web Services (AWS). For object storage, information is stored as a collection of key-value pairs." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "739746ba-1c95-4d1e-94c7-1e5330d17f52", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "To learn more about the Google Cloud Storage service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Bucket. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts and programming languages should be used.\n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the terminology used for object storage differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Cloud Storage uses the terms Bucket and Object. Data is stored in Objects and Objects are stored in Buckets. Objects (data) are stored as a key-value pair, which is similar to a Python dictionary but persistent. Values are stored and retrieved using a unique key and the value can contain any information (more on this later).\n", - "\n", - "We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Cloud Storage bucket." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "4b1d2914-cac0-465e-b61a-11bbc243cc8c", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Security\n", - "\n", - "Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Let's first verify that we have the permissions to create a bucket. A Bucket (a resource) is created within a project and inheres permissions from it.\n", - "\n", - "We are interested in what permissions that *your* account has for *your* project. To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu -> IAM & Admin -> IAM -> Permissions -> View By: Principals**). This shows the permissions for the project.\n", - "\n", - "*Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.*\n", - "\n", - "You should see a row with your account shown in the Principal column. Here you should see the \"Owner\" Role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Owner** or the **Storage Admin** role for a project will *allow* *you* to create, access, and delete Buckets *in* the project.\n", - "\n", - "There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project)." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c5430b40-1a5f-40df-9e13-529ef3ece4ce", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Allocate Google Cloud Storage\n", - "\n", - "Now that we have verified the permissions we can now create a bucket. Buckets are where objects are stored and have a globally unique name.\n", - "\n", - "To create a bucket we do the following:\n", - " * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create a bucket* page.\n", - " * In *Name your bucket*:\n", - " * For **Name**, enter a globally unique name for the bucket (example \"essentials-test-myname-2021-01-01\")\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose where to store your data*:\n", - " * For *Location Type* select **Region** (cheapest and fastest)\n", - " * For *Location* leave the default or select your \"home\" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your \"home\" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often.\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose a default storage class for your data*:\n", - " * Select **Standard** (default). The other options are for long-term storage.\n", - " * Click **Continue**\n", - " * In *Choose how to control access to objects*:\n", - " * Under *Prevent Public Access* check \"**Enforce public access prevention on this bucket**\". This will try to prevent others from accessing your data. \n", - " * Under *Access Control* Select **Uniform** (default). *Uniform* permissions are on the entire Bucket. *Fine-grained* permissions are on the objects.\n", - " * Select **Continue**\n", - " * Note the **monthly cost estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for reading, writing, and storing data and does not include networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by using the data.\n", - " * *Storage size* is the total amount of data stored.\n", - " * *Data Retrieval* is only used for for long-term, non *standard*, storage.\n", - " * *Operations* is the number of \"operations\" performed on an object, for example reading and writing an object. Storing and accessing many objects require many operations.\n", - " * Finally, click **Create** to create the bucket (allocate the resource).\n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "da301540-9b02-4b27-ae8e-f301b3dd36f2", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Follow the Storage Allocation\n", - "\n", - "Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the bucket creation by examining at the project *activity*.\n", - "\n", - "To view the project activity we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on \"Google Cloud Platform\" on the left side of the top blue bar.\n", - " * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar.\n", - " * Look for the row with **Create Bucket** on the top of the table. This shows that the bucket was created.\n", - " * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist.\n", - "\n", - "Note that the activity is on the project, not the account.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "c37dbf70-db45-44b3-92b6-2c89d772ec24", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Enumerate the Buckets\n", - "\n", - "Now lets find and examine the bucket. To view a bucket we do the following:\n", - "\n", - " * Navigate to the Google Storage page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser**. \n", - " * **Find** the bucket you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them.\n", - " * Click on the bucket name to open the **bucket details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the bucket name).\n", - "\n", - "Navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 bucket** in the *resources* card under storage." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "258044b3-550e-4a4f-a650-27cd0d6dd057", - "metadata": { - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Review what is Important\n", - "\n", - "It is always important to review what is important to you. It may be cost, or keeping the data secure. Later on we will show how to monitor overall costs.\n", - "\n", - "For Drew, we will review that the bucket **public access** is *not public* by doing the following:\n", - " * Go to **Navigation Menu -> Cloud Storage -> Browser**\n", - " * Select the bucket of interest by **checking the box** next to the Bucket name.\n", - " * In the Right Side Bar (open if necessary) in the **Permissions** tab in the **Public Access** card you should see **Not Public**. This means that public access prevention is turned on.\n", - " * You can also see the **permissions** for the bucket in the bottom of the bar." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "0362e76c-3f03-4299-8217-24a2f39ee503", - "metadata": { - "jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true, - "tags": [] - }, - "source": [ - "### Delete the Storage - Exercise \n", - "\n", - "We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the bucket we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. \n", - "\n", - "Did you \"Follow\" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page?\n", - "\n", - "Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "3a28e28d-1d70-44fa-a952-4f3506ea85ec", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Discussion\n", - "\n", - "* What does the words \"Secure\", \"Allocate\", \"Follow\", and \"Enumerate\" Spell?\n", - "* Why do you think we use this framework?" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "97d7ebc5-4a81-4f1a-aaf3-517adf70640a", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Resources in Google Cloud Platform - Optional\n", - "\n", - "Even though we only covered the Google Cloud Storage service in this episode, this process can be used for other *resources* allocated in the cloud. The term *resource* is used for the \"things\" that live in a Project, such as compute, storage, and networking and other services. Resources have the following characteristics:\n", - "\n", - " * Resources are like \"objects\" and usually have their own product/service page in the navigation menu. \n", - " * Resources have many properties (how it is configured), costs, permissions, and almost always belong to a Project.\n", - " * Resource creation permission is at the parent (Project).\n", - " * Resources live in a machine somewhere, and usually specify a location (Region and Zone).\n", - " * Resource creation has limits (Quota) that can be changed (up or down).\n", - " * Resources usually have multiple charges associated with it (even if they are `$0.00`).\n", - " * Resources have a beginning, middle, and an end. Don't forget the end. Have a plan!" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "85c697a1-25bc-4b57-9ab6-7c38b6dbbc89", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\n", - "### References\n", - " * API reference https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/reference/libraries\n", - " * Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/iam-permissions" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py deleted file mode 100644 index 124db5c..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# ## Introduction to Google Cloud Storage -# -# Learner Questions -# * How do I store data in the cloud? -# -# Learning Objectives: -# * Navigate the Google Cloud Storage service and terminology -# * Understand the roles and permissions needed to use Google Cloud Storage in projects -# * Allocate storage in Google Cloud Storage -# * Find the cost estimator for Google Cloud Storage -# * Recognize that resources have a "location" -# * Recognize danger of public access -# * De-allocate Google Cloud Storage storage - -# Drew, after working with a Research Computing and Data (RCD) facilitator, has decided to start their cloud journey with storage. Data is usually the center of a research project and it makes sense to start here. -# -# One of the most common and economic ways to store data in the cloud is to use object storage. In GCP object storage is called *Google Cloud Storage*, which is similar to the Simple Storage Service, also known as S3, on Amazon Web Services (AWS). For object storage, information is stored as a collection of key-value pairs. - -# ### Google Cloud Storage -# -# To learn more about the Google Cloud Storage service we will use the web console to create, explore, and destroy a Bucket. The ability to quickly create, explore, and then discard resources in the web-console is a powerful tool to explore a service. After an initial exploration with the web-console, programmatic access using scripts and programming languages should be used. -# -# Unfortunately, the terminology used for object storage differs from one commercial cloud provider to another. Google Cloud Storage uses the terms Bucket and Object. Data is stored in Objects and Objects are stored in Buckets. Objects (data) are stored as a key-value pair, which is similar to a Python dictionary but persistent. Values are stored and retrieved using a unique key and the value can contain any information (more on this later). -# -# We now take Drew through the process of creating a Google Cloud Storage bucket. - -# ### Security -# -# Everything in the cloud requires permission (authorization). Let's first verify that we have the permissions to create a bucket. A Bucket (a resource) is created within a project and inheres permissions from it. -# -# We are interested in what permissions that *your* account has for *your* project. To do this navigate to the IAM page (**Navigation Menu -> IAM & Admin -> IAM -> Permissions -> View By: Principals**). This shows the permissions for the project. -# -# *Note: There is a powerful filter box to limit the permissions shown.* -# -# You should see a row with your account shown in the Principal column. Here you should see the "Owner" Role in the Role column. A *role* is a collection of permissions managed by Google or someone else. The **Owner** or the **Storage Admin** role for a project will *allow* *you* to create, access, and delete Buckets *in* the project. -# -# There are three important pieces of information that work together to form the **IAM policy**. The permission (role), the identity (principal or member), and the resource (project). - -# ### Allocate Google Cloud Storage -# -# Now that we have verified the permissions we can now create a bucket. Buckets are where objects are stored and have a globally unique name. -# -# To create a bucket we do the following: -# * Click **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser** -> **+Create Bucket** (just under the blue bar) to open the *Create a bucket* page. -# * In *Name your bucket*: -# * For **Name**, enter a globally unique name for the bucket (example "essentials-test-myname-2021-01-01") -# * Click **Continue** -# * In *Choose where to store your data*: -# * For *Location Type* select **Region** (cheapest and fastest) -# * For *Location* leave the default or select your "home" region. The region is the physical location where your data will reside. Your "home" region should be close to your work and the region you use most often. -# * Click **Continue** -# * In *Choose a default storage class for your data*: -# * Select **Standard** (default). The other options are for long-term storage. -# * Click **Continue** -# * In *Choose how to control access to objects*: -# * Under *Prevent Public Access* check "**Enforce public access prevention on this bucket**". This will try to prevent others from accessing your data. -# * Under *Access Control* Select **Uniform** (default). *Uniform* permissions are on the entire Bucket. *Fine-grained* permissions are on the objects. -# * Select **Continue** -# * Note the **monthly cost estimate** in the right side panel. This is only for reading, writing, and storing data and does not include networking, compute, and other charges that may occur by using the data. -# * *Storage size* is the total amount of data stored. -# * *Data Retrieval* is only used for for long-term, non *standard*, storage. -# * *Operations* is the number of "operations" performed on an object, for example reading and writing an object. Storing and accessing many objects require many operations. -# * Finally, click **Create** to create the bucket (allocate the resource). -# - -# ### Follow the Storage Allocation -# -# Just as with security, we will audit (follow) the bucket creation by examining at the project *activity*. -# -# To view the project activity we do the following: -# -# * Navigate to the project **Dashboard** by clicking on "Google Cloud Platform" on the left side of the top blue bar. -# * Select **Activity** tab just below the top blue bar. -# * Look for the row with **Create Bucket** on the top of the table. This shows that the bucket was created. -# * Expand the detail by clicking the **down arrow** on the right side of the row. You can see what identity created the bucket and the name. The rest of the information details the initial settings that you configured when creating the bucket. The details are not really important at this time, just know they exist. -# -# Note that the activity is on the project, not the account. -# - -# ### Enumerate the Buckets -# -# Now lets find and examine the bucket. To view a bucket we do the following: -# -# * Navigate to the Google Storage page by clicking **Navigation Menu** -> **Cloud Storage** (under Storage) -> **Browser**. -# * **Find** the bucket you just created. You can use the filter to find a bucket if there are a lot of them. -# * Click on the bucket name to open the **bucket details** (it will display as a hyperlink when you hover over the bucket name). -# -# Navigate to the **dashboard** and you will now see at least **1 bucket** in the *resources* card under storage. - -# ### Review what is Important -# -# It is always important to review what is important to you. It may be cost, or keeping the data secure. Later on we will show how to monitor overall costs. -# -# For Drew, we will review that the bucket **public access** is *not public* by doing the following: -# * Go to **Navigation Menu -> Cloud Storage -> Browser** -# * Select the bucket of interest by **checking the box** next to the Bucket name. -# * In the Right Side Bar (open if necessary) in the **Permissions** tab in the **Public Access** card you should see **Not Public**. This means that public access prevention is turned on. -# * You can also see the **permissions** for the bucket in the bottom of the bar. - -# ### Delete the Storage - Exercise -# -# We will now complete the resource life-cycle by deleting the bucket we just created. Think about the process we did for creating the bucket and follow a similar one. -# -# Did you "Follow" the bucket by looking at the **activity** page? -# -# Since we care about paying for resources we are not using we **review** by visiting the **dashboard** and reviewing that we no longer have any buckets, if this was our only bucket. - -# ### Discussion -# -# * What does the words "Secure", "Allocate", "Follow", and "Enumerate" Spell? -# * Why do you think we use this framework? - -# ### Resources in Google Cloud Platform - Optional -# -# Even though we only covered the Google Cloud Storage service in this episode, this process can be used for other *resources* allocated in the cloud. The term *resource* is used for the "things" that live in a Project, such as compute, storage, and networking and other services. Resources have the following characteristics: -# -# * Resources are like "objects" and usually have their own product/service page in the navigation menu. -# * Resources have many properties (how it is configured), costs, permissions, and almost always belong to a Project. -# * Resource creation permission is at the parent (Project). -# * Resources live in a machine somewhere, and usually specify a location (Region and Zone). -# * Resource creation has limits (Quota) that can be changed (up or down). -# * Resources usually have multiple charges associated with it (even if they are `$0.00`). -# * Resources have a beginning, middle, and an end. Don't forget the end. Have a plan! - -# -# ### References -# * API reference https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/reference/libraries -# * Permissions (IAM): https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/iam-permissions diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 54932b3..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Putting It All Together\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.py deleted file mode 100644 index 28ee575..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/06_running_analysis.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Putting It All Together -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5e54ae0..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Monitoring Costs\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.py deleted file mode 100644 index a8fedbf..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Monitoring Costs -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 4739034..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "dc57021c", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cleaning Up Resources\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "502f2360", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "```{code-cell} ipython3\n", - ":tags: [mytag]\n", - "\n", - "print(\"A python cell\")\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "c543528f", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6de0fa4..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Cleaning Up Resources -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# -# ``` - -# ```{code-cell} ipython3 -# :tags: [mytag] -# -# print("A python cell") -# ``` - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index e688bda..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Google Cloud Platform (GCP)\n", - "\n", - "The modules in this lesson are: \n", - "\n", - "1. [Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console)\n", - "2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1)\n", - "3. [Introduction to the Cloud CLI](./04_intro_to_cli)\n", - "4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage)\n", - "5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis)\n", - "6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs)\n", - "7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.py deleted file mode 100644 index 3e1afe8..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Google Cloud Platform (GCP) -# -# The modules in this lesson are: -# -# 1. [Introduction to the GCP Cloud Console](./01_intro_to_cloud_console) -# 2. [Introduction to Cloud Compute](./02_intro_to_compute_part1) -# 3. [Introduction to the Cloud CLI](./04_intro_to_cli) -# 4. [Introduction to Cloud Storage](./05_intro_to_cloud_storage) -# 5. [Running Analysis on the Cloud](./06_running_analysis) -# 6. [Monitoring Costs](./07_monitoring_costs) -# 7. [Cleaning up Resources and Best Practices](./08_cleaning_up_resources) diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 28a9282..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "21ff6943", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Cloud Computing for Research\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "```{admonition} Overview\n", - ":class: tip\n", - "\n", - "**Teaching:** 5 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Exercises:** 0 mins\n", - "\n", - "**Questions:**\n", - "* What is cloud computing for research?\n", - "\n", - "**Objectives:**\n", - "* Understand the basics of what the cloud is.\n", - "* Understand the benefits of utilizing the cloud for research.\n", - "\n", - "```" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "id": "993c138d", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Background\n", - "\n", - "Cloud computing is an on-demand computing resource that is scalable and follows a pay-as-you-go model. Instead of a singular data center or super-computing center, large cloud providers have data centers spanning multiple locations. The largest cloud computing providers are [Microsoft (Azure)](https://azure.microsoft.com/), [Amazon (Amazon Web Services, AWS)](https://aws.amazon.com/) and [Google (Google Cloud Platform, GCP)](https://cloud.google.com/). Together, they are often referred to as “public” or “commercial” cloud providers.\n", - "\n", - "In contrast to buying your own desktop or laptop computer, a cluster of machines, or with buying external storage devices (such as a RAID, redundant array of independent disks), cloud computing allows you to provision computing and storage on machines that only available to you through an intermediated interface (such as a web-browser or through ssh). Simply put, cloud computing is a delivery of computing services over the Internet. \n", - "\n", - "## Benefits of the Cloud for Research\n", - "\n", - "Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it!\n", - "\n", - "With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security.\n", - "\n", - "## A Change in Paradigm\n", - "Working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers are no longer bringing their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but are instead bring their compute to the data. Cloud computing constitutes a learning curve including knowing cloud vocabulary and understanding the best practices to accelerate your research workflow, optimize costs and ensure security of your cloud architecture.\n", - "\n", - "## Drew's Pipeline\n", - "Drew Anders is an ecologist who works on understanding how much [boreal Arctic lakes are greening](https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e2021219118) under current climate conditions. To assess this, Drew needs to process 158.6TB (150 scenes) of satellite imagery from a cloud-hosted storage bucket and extract [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index) values. Drew is currently using the departmental computing server to download and process the data using a Python script, `process_sat.py` and is uploading the processed data to an FTP server to share with collaborators. \n", - "\n", - "Unfortunately, the departmental server is running out of storage space and the processing units have insufficient memory to process the data. Drew has calculated that with the departmental server, the wall clock time to download, process and analyze the data would take 48 days. Drew has to publish a paper by the end of the month for a special issue of \"Ecology Outsphere Today\". Further, Drew needs to make processed data available to reviewers of the publication and to collaborators. \n", - "\n", - "After speaking with the deparmental IT administrator, Drew has decided to explore cloud computing as a means for scalability (increasing computational power), data storage, and to reduce the time to publication. Drew's PI has a approved a small amount of money to be spent on a prototype, with potential for turning a successful cloud-based workflow into a grant proposal. \n", - "\n", - "Over the next few lessons in the CLASS Essentials course, Drew will learn how to:\n", - "1. Utilize cloud compute to increase processing speed and memory and reduce wall clock time\n", - "2. Utilize cloud storage buckets to store and retrieve data\n", - "3. Run `process_sat.py` on cloud compute and retrieve data directly from cloud storage\n", - "4. Monitor costs and understand best practices for working on the cloud\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "id": "f406b779", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.9.5" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 5 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.py b/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.py deleted file mode 100644 index 206b61f..0000000 --- a/_build/jupyter_execute/content/intro_to_cloud.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,56 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# coding: utf-8 - -# # Cloud Computing for Research -# -# -# ```{admonition} Overview -# :class: tip -# -# **Teaching:** 5 mins -# -# **Exercises:** 0 mins -# -# **Questions:** -# * What is cloud computing for research? -# -# **Objectives:** -# * Understand the basics of what the cloud is. -# * Understand the benefits of utilizing the cloud for research. -# -# ``` - -# ## Background -# -# Cloud computing is an on-demand computing resource that is scalable and follows a pay-as-you-go model. Instead of a singular data center or super-computing center, large cloud providers have data centers spanning multiple locations. The largest cloud computing providers are [Microsoft (Azure)](https://azure.microsoft.com/), [Amazon (Amazon Web Services, AWS)](https://aws.amazon.com/) and [Google (Google Cloud Platform, GCP)](https://cloud.google.com/). Together, they are often referred to as “public” or “commercial” cloud providers. -# -# In contrast to buying your own desktop or laptop computer, a cluster of machines, or with buying external storage devices (such as a RAID, redundant array of independent disks), cloud computing allows you to provision computing and storage on machines that only available to you through an intermediated interface (such as a web-browser or through ssh). Simply put, cloud computing is a delivery of computing services over the Internet. -# -# ## Benefits of the Cloud for Research -# -# Many researchers move to the commercial cloud simply because their local compute resources (local HPC clusters, or departmental clusters) are insufficient to deal with the volume of data and type of computation. With the cloud, there is no wait time to obtain the computing resources you need. With sufficient funds, you may even be able to obtain a near infinite number of CPUs, RAM and GPUs and compute can start as soon as you want it! -# -# With cloud computing, you do not need to purchase or maintain and update hardware, operating systems and a slew of dependencies. For the most part, providers maintain their hardware. Further, cloud providers just keep making new services to keep up with demands the rapidly expanding community building cloud-native workflows. Cloud providers are constantly evolving their tools and resources with a focus on storage, reliability, and security. -# -# ## A Change in Paradigm -# Working on the cloud involves a paradigm shift: researchers are no longer bringing their data to the compute (i.e. downloading data) but are instead bring their compute to the data. Cloud computing constitutes a learning curve including knowing cloud vocabulary and understanding the best practices to accelerate your research workflow, optimize costs and ensure security of your cloud architecture. -# -# ## Drew's Pipeline -# Drew Anders is an ecologist who works on understanding how much [boreal Arctic lakes are greening](https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e2021219118) under current climate conditions. To assess this, Drew needs to process 158.6TB (150 scenes) of satellite imagery from a cloud-hosted storage bucket and extract [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index) values. Drew is currently using the departmental computing server to download and process the data using a Python script, `process_sat.py` and is uploading the processed data to an FTP server to share with collaborators. -# -# Unfortunately, the departmental server is running out of storage space and the processing units have insufficient memory to process the data. Drew has calculated that with the departmental server, the wall clock time to download, process and analyze the data would take 48 days. Drew has to publish a paper by the end of the month for a special issue of "Ecology Outsphere Today". Further, Drew needs to make processed data available to reviewers of the publication and to collaborators. -# -# After speaking with the deparmental IT administrator, Drew has decided to explore cloud computing as a means for scalability (increasing computational power), data storage, and to reduce the time to publication. Drew's PI has a approved a small amount of money to be spent on a prototype, with potential for turning a successful cloud-based workflow into a grant proposal. -# -# Over the next few lessons in the CLASS Essentials course, Drew will learn how to: -# 1. Utilize cloud compute to increase processing speed and memory and reduce wall clock time -# 2. Utilize cloud storage buckets to store and retrieve data -# 3. Run `process_sat.py` on cloud compute and retrieve data directly from cloud storage -# 4. Monitor costs and understand best practices for working on the cloud -# - -# In[ ]: - - - - diff --git a/_toc.yml b/_toc.yml deleted file mode 100644 index 14145c6..0000000 --- a/_toc.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -# Table of contents -# Learn more at https://jupyterbook.org/customize/toc.html - -format: jb-book -root: intro - -parts: - - caption: Introduction - chapters: - - file: content/intro_to_cloud - - - caption: CLASS Essentials Modules - chapters: - - file: content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials - sections: - - file: content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1 - - file: content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2 - - file: content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/AWS/06_running_analysis - - file: content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources - - - file: content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials - sections: - - file: content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1 - - file: content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2 - - file: content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/Azure/06_running_analysis - - file: content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources - - - file: content/GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials - sections: - - file: content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/GCP/02_intro_to_cloud_compute_part1 - - file: content/GCP/03_intro_to_cloud_compute_part2 - - file: content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/GCP/06_running_analysis - - file: content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources - - - caption: Extra Learning Materials - chapters: - - file: content/ELM/01_bash_shell diff --git a/_toc.yml.bak b/_toc.yml.bak deleted file mode 100644 index b4db2eb..0000000 --- a/_toc.yml.bak +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -# Table of contents -# Learn more at https://jupyterbook.org/customize/toc.html - -format: jb-book -root: intro - -parts: - - caption: Introduction - chapters: - - file: content/intro_to_cloud - - caption: Amazon Web Services (AWS) - chapters: - - file: content/AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials - sections: - - file: content/AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1 - - file: content/AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2 - - file: content/AWS/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/AWS/06_running_analysis - - file: content/AWS/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources - - caption: Microsoft Azure - chapters: - - file: content/Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials - sections: - - file: content/Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1 - - file: content/Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2 - - file: content/Azure/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/Azure/06_running_analysis - - file: content/Azure/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources - - caption: Google Cloud Platform (GCP) - chapters: - - file: content/GCP/intro_to_GCP - sections: - - file: content/GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console - - file: content/GCP/02_intro_to_cloud_compute_part1 - - file: content/GCP/03_intro_to_cloud_compute_part2 - - file: content/GCP/04_intro_to_cli - - file: content/GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage - - file: content/GCP/06_running_analysis - - file: content/GCP/07_monitoring_costs - - file: content/GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources - - caption: Extra Learning Materials - chapters: - - file: content/ELM/01_bash_shell diff --git a/build-book.sh b/build-book.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d2a5800 --- /dev/null +++ b/build-book.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +python3 -m venv .venv + +. .venv/bin/activate +python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip +python3 -m pip install -U jupyter-book sphinx_inline_tabs + +jupyter-book build content/ diff --git a/class-essentials-story 2.svg b/class-essentials-story 2.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 6ccad73..0000000 --- a/class-essentials-story 2.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ - - - -
CLOUD ACCOUNT
CLOUD A...
Log in to console
Log in to console
Provision a VM
Provision a VM
Compute types
& size
Compute types...
COMPUTE
COMPUTE
VPC/VNet
VPC/VNet
Subnets, Elastic IP, Ports
Subnets, Elastic IP,...
List of services
List of services
Projects, Resource Groups
Projects, Resource G...
IAM
IAM
Tagging
Tagging
Persistent Disks
Persistent Disks
Create a Storage Bucket
Create a Storage Buc...
Cloud CLI
Cloud CLI
STORAGE
STORAGE
Use CLI to manipulate bucket
Use CLI to manipulat...
Run a Python Script
Run a Python Script
Learn to install Miniconda
Learn to install Min...
ANALYSIS
ANALYS...
Access data on the cloud
Access data on the c...
Shut Down Resources
Shut Down Resources
Cost monitoring
Cost monitoring
CLEAN UP
CLEAN...
Best Practices
Best Practices
CLASS ESSENTIALS STORY ARC
CLASS ESSENTIALS STORY ARC
Learner
Lear...
Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/class-essentials-story.svg b/class-essentials-story.svg deleted file mode 100644 index c0cc7ee..0000000 --- a/class-essentials-story.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ - - - -
CLOUD ACCOUNT
CLOUD A...
Log in to console
Log in to console
Provision a VM
Provision a VM
Compute types
& size, AMI
Compute types...
COMPUTE
COMPUTE
VPC/VNet
VPC/VNet
Subnets, Elastic IP, Ports
Subnets, Elastic IP,...
List of services
List of services
Projects, Resource Groups
Projects, Resource G...
IAM
IAM
Tagging
Tagging
Persistent Disks
Persistent Disks
Create a Storage Bucket
Create a Storage Buc...
Cloud CLI
Cloud CLI
STORAGE
STORAGE
Use CLI to manipulate bucket
Use CLI to manipulat...
Run a Python Script
Run a Python Script
Learn to install Miniconda
Learn to install Min...
ANALYSIS
ANALYS...
Access data on the cloud
Access data on the c...
Shut Down Resources
Shut Down Resources
Cost monitoring
Cost monitoring
CLEAN UP
CLEAN...
Best Practices
Best Practices
CLASS ESSENTIALS STORY ARC
CLASS ESSENTIALS STORY ARC
Learner
Lear...
Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CLASS-logo.png b/content/CLASS-logo.png similarity index 100% rename from CLASS-logo.png rename to content/CLASS-logo.png diff --git a/_config.yml b/content/_config.yml similarity index 92% rename from _config.yml rename to content/_config.yml index 1206902..fc1ed47 100644 --- a/_config.yml +++ b/content/_config.yml @@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ logo: CLASS-logo.png # Force re-execution of notebooks on each build. # See https://jupyterbook.org/content/execute.html execute: - execute_notebooks: force + execute_notebooks: off + +# Ignore build, git, and dev folders. +exclude_patterns: [ _build, .git, .venv, .ipynb_checkpoints, .vscode ] # Define the name of the latex output file for PDF builds latex: diff --git a/content/_toc.yml b/content/_toc.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc2c14e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/_toc.yml @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Table of contents +# Learn more at https://jupyterbook.org/customize/toc.html + +format: jb-book +root: intro + +parts: + - caption: Introduction + chapters: + - file: intro_to_cloud + + - caption: CLASS Essentials Modules + chapters: + - file: AWS/intro_to_AWS_Essentials + sections: + - file: AWS/01_intro_to_cloud_console + - file: AWS/02_intro_to_compute_part1 + - file: AWS/03_intro_to_compute_part2 + - file: AWS/04_intro_to_cli + - file: AWS/05_intro_to_cloud_storage + - file: AWS/06_running_analysis + - file: AWS/07_monitoring_costs + - file: AWS/08_cleaning_up_resources + + - file: Azure/intro_to_Azure_Essentials + sections: + - file: Azure/01_intro_to_cloud_console + - file: Azure/02_intro_to_compute_part1 + - file: Azure/03_intro_to_compute_part2 + - file: Azure/04_intro_to_cli + - file: Azure/05_intro_to_cloud_storage + - file: Azure/06_running_analysis + - file: Azure/07_monitoring_costs + - file: Azure/08_cleaning_up_resources + + - file: GCP/intro_to_GCP_Essentials + sections: + - file: GCP/01_intro_to_cloud_console + - file: GCP/02_intro_to_cloud_compute_part1 + - file: GCP/03_intro_to_cloud_compute_part2 + - file: GCP/04_intro_to_cli + - file: GCP/05_intro_to_cloud_storage + - file: GCP/06_running_analysis + - file: GCP/07_monitoring_costs + - file: GCP/08_cleaning_up_resources + + - caption: Extra Learning Materials + chapters: + - file: ELM/01_bash_shell diff --git a/_build/html/_images/class-essentials-story.svg b/content/class-essentials-story.svg similarity index 100% rename from _build/html/_images/class-essentials-story.svg rename to content/class-essentials-story.svg diff --git a/essentials_arc.svg b/content/essentials_arc.svg similarity index 100% rename from essentials_arc.svg rename to content/essentials_arc.svg diff --git a/_build/html/_sources/intro.md b/content/intro.md similarity index 100% rename from _build/html/_sources/intro.md rename to content/intro.md diff --git a/logo.png b/content/logo.png similarity index 100% rename from logo.png rename to content/logo.png diff --git a/opendata.png b/content/opendata.png similarity index 100% rename from opendata.png rename to content/opendata.png diff --git a/references.bib b/content/references.bib similarity index 100% rename from references.bib rename to content/references.bib diff --git a/intro.md b/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 51628f6..0000000 --- a/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ - -# Internet2 CLASS Essentials - -The Internet2 CLASS Essentials program will introduce you to compute and storage on three major cloud providers: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). The following image outlines the story arc and components that you will learn through a series of hands-on, interactive tutorials: - -
- -In CLASS Essentials, you will learn how to: -1. Log in and navigate the cloud console -2. Create a cloud computing instance and understand the the components of cloud compute -3. Create a cloud storage bucket -4. Run a simple analysis on the compute instance you built and utilize the data in the storage bucket -5. Monitor costs -6. Clean up your resources and utilize best practices for developing research workflows on the cloud - - -#### Prerequisites - -**Cloud Account** - -If you are taking the CLASS Essentials Workshop offered by Internet2, cloud accounts will be provisioned for you as part of that class. Information on your account and further set up will be sent to you after registration. - -For self-paced learning, you will need an institutional account, an agency-funded account (e.g. via Cloudbank), or a personal cloud account. Please note that we are unable to support or troubleshoot problems or errors that occur for self-paced learning. - -**Knowledge of a POSIX compliant shell, such as bash, zsh, etc.** - -You will be using a bash shell to securely log on to a virtual machine and to run some analysis. As such, you will need to have a command line shell installed on your computer. Please follow the instructions [here](https://carpentries.github.io/workshop-template/#shell). For further information on the UNIX Shell, please see the [UNIX Shell Lesson on Software Carpentry](https://swcarpentry.github.io/shell-novice/). - - -#### CLASS Cloud Adoption Framework - -```{attention} -Cloud computing is a utility. Since you pay for the resources you use, it can be very cost-effective, but can also be very costly if you don’t manage it carefully! - -``` - -The CLASS Cloud Adoption Framework is a collection of documentation, best practices, tutorials, workflows, and cloud adoption pathways built by researchers and research and data (RCD) professionals ***for*** researchers and RCD professionals. In "adopting" the cloud, the onus is on users to manage costs, to understand the myriad cloud computing jargon, and to rethink how to adapt traditional workflows to a more "cloud-native" solution. - -#### More Resources - -If you are new to cloud computing for research, you may want to begin with [CLASS Core: A Primer to Cloud Computing for Research](https://github.internet2.edu/pages/CLASS/CLASS-core/intro.html). - -#### Issues -Please create a [Github issue](https://github.internet2.edu/CLASS/CLASS-Essentials-AWS/issues) or contact - if you have questions, suggestions or comments. - - -### Acknowledgements - -Content for this site was put together by the Research Engagement team at Internet2. [Find out more here](https://internet2.edu/community/research-engagement/internet2-research-engagement-team/)! - - - diff --git a/intro.md.backup b/intro.md.backup deleted file mode 100644 index 43c2428..0000000 --- a/intro.md.backup +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -# Welcome to your Jupyter Book - -This is a small sample book to give you a feel for how book content is -structured. - -:::{note} -Here is a note! -::: - -And here is a code block: - -``` -e = mc^2 -``` - -Check out the content pages bundled with this sample book to see more. diff --git a/markdown.md b/markdown.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5d5ae76..0000000 --- a/markdown.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,125 +0,0 @@ -# Markdown Files - -Whether you write your book's content in Jupyter Notebooks (`.ipynb`) or -in regular markdown files (`.md`), you'll write in the same flavor of markdown -called **MyST Markdown**. - -## What is MyST? - -MyST stands for "Markedly Structured Text". It -is a slight variation on a flavor of markdown called "CommonMark" markdown, -with small syntax extensions to allow you to write **roles** and **directives** -in the Sphinx ecosystem. - -## What are roles and directives? - -Roles and directives are two of the most powerful tools in Jupyter Book. They -are kind of like functions, but written in a markup language. They both -serve a similar purpose, but **roles are written in one line**, whereas -**directives span many lines**. They both accept different kinds of inputs, -and what they do with those inputs depends on the specific role or directive -that is being called. - -### Using a directive - -At its simplest, you can insert a directive into your book's content like so: - -```` -```{mydirectivename} -My directive content -``` -```` - -This will only work if a directive with name `mydirectivename` already exists -(which it doesn't). There are many pre-defined directives associated with -Jupyter Book. For example, to insert a note box into your content, you can -use the following directive: - -```` -```{note} -Here is a note -``` -```` - -This results in: - -```{note} -Here is a note -``` - -In your built book. - -For more information on writing directives, see the -[MyST documentation](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/). - - -### Using a role - -Roles are very similar to directives, but they are less-complex and written -entirely on one line. You can insert a role into your book's content with -this pattern: - -``` -Some content {rolename}`and here is my role's content!` -``` - -Again, roles will only work if `rolename` is a valid role's name. For example, -the `doc` role can be used to refer to another page in your book. You can -refer directly to another page by its relative path. For example, the -role syntax `` {doc}`intro` `` will result in: {doc}`intro`. - -For more information on writing roles, see the -[MyST documentation](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/). - - -### Adding a citation - -You can also cite references that are stored in a `bibtex` file. For example, -the following syntax: `` {cite}`holdgraf_evidence_2014` `` will render like -this: {cite}`holdgraf_evidence_2014`. - -Moreover, you can insert a bibliography into your page with this syntax: -The `{bibliography}` directive must be used for all the `{cite}` roles to -render properly. -For example, if the references for your book are stored in `references.bib`, -then the bibliography is inserted with: - -```` -```{bibliography} -``` -```` - -Resulting in a rendered bibliography that looks like: - -```{bibliography} -``` - - -### Executing code in your markdown files - -If you'd like to include computational content inside these markdown files, -you can use MyST Markdown to define cells that will be executed when your -book is built. Jupyter Book uses *jupytext* to do this. - -First, add Jupytext metadata to the file. For example, to add Jupytext metadata -to this markdown page, run this command: - -``` -jupyter-book myst init markdown.md -``` - -Once a markdown file has Jupytext metadata in it, you can add the following -directive to run the code at build time: - -```` -```{code-cell} -print("Here is some code to execute") -``` -```` - -When your book is built, the contents of any `{code-cell}` blocks will be -executed with your default Jupyter kernel, and their outputs will be displayed -in-line with the rest of your content. - -For more information about executing computational content with Jupyter Book, -see [The MyST-NB documentation](https://myst-nb.readthedocs.io/). diff --git a/preview-book.sh b/preview-book.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..454f507 --- /dev/null +++ b/preview-book.sh @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +# Preview html in Visual Studio Code or Cloud Shell preview +python3 -m http.server --directory content/_build/html 8080 diff --git a/push-book.sh b/push-book.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b659edf --- /dev/null +++ b/push-book.sh @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +# Set origin to $1 with a default of "private" +ORIGIN="${1:-private}" +echo "push-book.sh ORIGIN:${ORIGIN}" + +BRANCH=$(git symbolic-ref --short HEAD) +git branch -D gh-pages +git checkout -b gh-pages + +rm -rf docs/ +cp -av content/_build/html/ docs/ +touch docs/.nojekyll ## config static + +git add docs/ +git commit -m "Publish Jupyerbook" docs/ + +git push --force ${ORIGIN} gh-pages + +git checkout ${BRANCH} diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt index 7e821e4..141408f 100644 --- a/requirements.txt +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ jupyter-book +sphinx_inline_tabs matplotlib numpy